How ironic that the man who invented the Bunsen burner ended up with his work going up in smoke thanks to the sun. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply. The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Estimated Crustal Abundance: 3.5 milligrams per kilogram, Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 8.7×10-7 milligrams per liter, Number of Stable Isotopes: 6 (View all isotope data). The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. As the crystals caught the light from the new fluorescent lights hanging from the ceiling, the pink colour seemed to deepen and brighten up. Electronegativity (Pauling scale)The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale. You can find out next time when Nina Notman tells the tale of Phosphorous on next week's Chemistry in its Element, I hope you can join us. Erbium Group 5.0. I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening and goodbye. It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material, with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain. The description of the element in its natural form. Erbium is a chemical element with the symbol Er and atomic number 68. Their current partial address is Dublin 2, and the company status is Normal. $299 for One Juliet Vaginal Rejuvenation Treatment at Erbium Group ($900 Value) 1 ratings. Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. This was until people realised that bone was a great source of phosphorus. A few weeks later I saw him in the stairwell and asked him how he'd got on with the erbium. CAS number A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. The temperature at which the solid–liquid phase change occurs. What's in a name? Covalent radiusHalf of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earth’s crust. It is expected that the price of erbium … A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. Erbium is found principally in the minerals monazite and bastnaesite. It is a lanthanide, a rare earth element, originally found in the gadolinite mine in Ytterby in Sweden, from which it got its name. It can be extracted by ion exchange and solvent extraction. He pulled out of his pocket a sample vial containing some stunning pink crystals that glinted alluringly. Other erbium compounds include: erbium fluoride (ErF3, erbium chloride (ErCl3 and erbium iodide (ErI3). Copyright of and ownership in the Images reside with Murray Robertson. Erbium sesquioxide (oxide containing three atoms of oxygen and two atoms of another element) are called erbia. Melting point Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Erbium. The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. One of these was erbium oxide, which was pink. The mineral that Arrhenius had discovered would lead to the discovery of 16 elements, all of them with remarkably similar properties. Erbium is one of 14 rare earth elements with atomic numbers 58 through 71 in Row 6 of the periodic table. 6s2 … It is given by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain. Broadband signals, carried by fibre optic cables, are amplified by including erbium in the glass fibre. When erbium is added to glass it gives the glass a pink tinge. Ytterbium is a chemical element with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. I said - chemists are always impressed by nice crystalline products. The spectra they observed proved to be amazing analytical tools - Kirchoff would use the method to identify elements on the sun. 00. "It gets better." The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. Electron configuration The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. The method rapidly became one of the central pillars of chemistry. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. A round bottom flask of water on the desk had focussed the spring sunshine from the window and set fire to the entire pile. he said mysteriously. It's quite common in chemistry departments - you want to do a quick experiment and just want a smidge of something without having to order a whole bottle. Erbium was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1842. It is a soft, malleable, lustrous & silvery metal. Atomic Number: 68. Electron affinityThe energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). Erbium lasers and amplifiers are therefore the hub around which all of our modern telecommunications revolve. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). Erbium atoms have 68 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.18.30.8.2. This statistic displays the price development of rare earth oxide erbium oxide globally from 2009 to 2025. Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. As might be expected considering the similarities between their names and properties, scientists soon confused erbia and terbia and, by 1877, had reversed their names. We now realize that the valence electrons of erbium - of which there are 11 in its compounds, are buried deep within the core of the atom. 24910 Las Brisas Road 108, Murrieta. First ionisation energyThe minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state. Period The company has 7 directors who have also been the directors of 45 other Irish companies between them; 10 of which are now closed. One Juliet Vaginal Rejuvenation Treatment. That was UCL chemist, Andrea Sella telling the story of Robert Bunsen and the element Erbium. Erbium Erbium is a chemical element with symbol Er and atomic number 68. "Sure I said. Half of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. Download our free Periodic Table app for mobile phones and tablets. A vertical column in the periodic table. Erbium oxide is occasionally used in infrared absorbing glass, for example safety glasses for welders and metal workers. Block He beckoned me into a hallway that had recently been refurbished. Atomic number: 68: Group numbers: 3: Period: 6: Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f 12 6s 2: Formal oxidation number: +3: Electronegativities: 1.24: Atomic radius / pm: 173.4: Relative atomic mass: 167.259(3) Erbium was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander (SE) in 1843. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Classified as a lanthanide, Erbium is a solid at room temperature. Cleve used the same method Carl Gustaf Mosander used to discover lanthanum, erbium and terbium, he looked for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements.He started with erbia, the oxide of erbium (Er 2 O 3), and removed all of the known contaminants.After further processing, he obtained two … A horizontal row in the periodic table. The number of electrons in each of Erbium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe]4f 12 6s 2.In its elemental form, CAS 7440-52-0, erbium has a silvery white appearance. What Mosander called erbia is now called terbia and visa versa. Natural erbium is a mixture of six stable isotopes: erbium-166 (33.5 percent), erbium-168 (26.98 percent), erbium-167 (22.87 percent), erbium-170 (14.91 percent), erbium-164 (1.6 percent), and erbium-162 (0.14 percent). Erbia has a pink color and is used to color glass and glazes. Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. The images may not be posted on any website, shared in any disc library, image storage mechanism, network system or similar arrangement. In 1843, at Stockholm, Carl Mosander obtained two new metal oxides from yttrium, which had been know since 1794. As you are probably aware, most of our telephone calls and internet data transfers are carried by optical fibres. Atomic radius, non-bonded Erbium is an element with atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.259. This is where the artist explains his interpretation of the element and the science behind the picture. Definition of erbium : a metallic chemical element of the rare-earth group with atomic number 68 that is used especially in lasers, infrared light filters, and optical fibers — see Chemical Elements Table Examples of erbium in a Sentence "Wow!" And one of the key players in this chemical row was Robert Bunsen, the co-inventor with Gustav Kirchoff, of spectroscopy. These values were determined using several different methods. And the small village of Ytterby would provide the inspiration for the names of several of them: ytterbium, yttrium, terbium, and the element of this podcast, erbium. Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers. 100%. See similar deals. The temperature at which the liquid–gas phase change occurs. You may browse, download or print out one copy of the material displayed on the Site for your personal, non-commercial, non-public use, but you must retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained on the materials. So the next time you phone a friend and say to them "It's a lovely day. Allotropes The shorter the wavelength, the greater the scattering. A sample of pure erbium metal was not produced until 1934, when Wilhelm Klemm and Heinrich Bommer achieved it by heating purified erbium chloride with potassium. Erbium is a chemical element with symbol Er and atomic number 68. Group Name: Lanthanide. Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact, Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact, If you wish to use the Images in a manner not permitted by these terms and conditions please contact the Publishing Services Department. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. $900. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. Let's go to the park", think Erbium. 68 Er Erbium 167.259. After venting his despair in a couple of letters to friends, Bunsen painstakingly redid the work from scratch, laying the foundation of our understanding of the electronic structures of elements such as erbium. Welcome to "A Visual Interpretation of The Table of Elements", the most striking version of the periodic table on the web. What's in a name? At last, in May 1874, Bunsen finished writing his monumental manuscript. Erbium is a lanthanide element. Thulium was discovered by Per Theodor Cleve, a Swedish chemist, in 1879. Atomic number (The other was terbium oxide, which was yellow.) This phenomenon, called Rayleigh scattering, is the same that causes the daytime sky to be blue and sunsets to be red. Erbium melting point is 1592 O C and its boiling point is 2868 O C. The pure form of the element is a metal. This week we meet the man and one of the chemicals that led to the birth of the science of spectroscopy, but is pink your colour? In 1843, Carl Gustaf Mosander, a Swedish chemist, was able to separate gadolinite into three materials, which he named yttria, erbia and terbia. For over a century, controversy raged amongst chemists about these elements. Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden. Erbia, the renamed material that Mosander discovered in 1843, is erbium oxide (Er2O3), one of erbium's compounds. | Mar 15, 1999. Dion Ursem – group technician Floortje van den Berg – secretary. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. Named for the village of Ytterby, Sweden. Below is a list of Creative Erbium slogans for chemistry assignments, science projects & project presentations. But what can we do with it? For more information on the Visual Elements image see the Uses and properties section below. The rare earths were revealed to the world quite by accident by a Swedish lieutenant and rock-hound Carl Axel Arrhenius in 1787 in a quarry on the island of Vaxholm in Sweden, where the small town of Ytterby is located. It was a stunning example of the luminescence of the group of elements, the rare earths, of which erbium is a member. The number of protons in an atom. Erbium is a chemical radioactive element present as the eleventh element in the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Erbium compounds, regardless of the partner - the oxide, the chloride, fluoride, amide, hydrocarbyls - are almost invariably faint pink. Pornographic, defamatory, libellous, scandalous, fraudulent, immoral, infringing or otherwise unlawful use of the Images is, of course, prohibited. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) Erbium is a lanthanoid atom and a f-block element atom. Regular visitors. The sum of the oxidation states within a compound or ion must equal the overall charge. Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Density (g cm−3) Bone can be dissolved in sulfuric acid to form phosphoric acid, which is then heated with charcoal to form white phosphorus. The role of the element in humans, animals and plants. Indiscriminant substitution of materials in a set of P-Numbers or Group Numbers may lead to problems or potentially failures. It may only be the 44. And for more than 100 years most phosphorus was made this way. It is given by the ratio of the pressure on a body to the fractional decrease in volume. You HAVE to see this." Images © Murray Robertson 1999-2011 Although erbium (along with several rare earths) was discovered in the mid-19th century, it was not isolated as a pure element until 1935 because the group of elements had such similar properties. It is defined as the equilibrium pressure exerted by the gas produced above a substance in a closed system. Moving the crystals back and forth they glowed and dimmed in magical fashion. His former supervisor, Jacob Berzelius, had discovered the new element cerium in cerite. Erbium Limited has 2 shareholders. The RSC has been granted the sole and exclusive right and licence to produce, publish and further license the Images. Erbium is alloyed with vanadium to make it softer and easier to shape. Average of 1 ratings. (1)In 1843, Mosander began studying the mineral gadolinite. Its atomic weight is 167.259. Next time to the philosopher's stone and the man who boiled up urine expecting to get gold, and found this element instead. We know this because In1878 Jean-Charles Galissard de Marignac, working at the University of Geneva, extracted another element from erbium and called it ytterbium. When alloyed with metals such as vanadium, erbium lowers their hardness and improves their workability. Give as a Gift. Know everything about Erbium Facts, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Electronic configuration, Atomic and Crystal Structure. Technical data for Erbium Click any property name to see plots of that property for all the elements. The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. 1 ratings. It was a spectroscopic tour de force for its time. Erbium: Symbol: Er: Atomic Number: 68: Atomic Mass: 167.259 atomic mass units: Number of Protons: 68: Number of Neutrons: 99: Number of Electrons: 68: Melting Point: 1522.0° C: Boiling Point: 2510.0° C Density: 8.795 grams per cubic centimeter: Normal Phase: Solid: Family: Rare Earth Metals: Period: 6: Cost: $650 per kilogram Erbium was discovered in 1843 by the Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander. Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact Erbium finds little use as a metal because it slowly tarnishes in air and is attacked by water. A few minutes later my friend went off with a small bottle containing a delicate pink coloured powder. "Have you got some erbium oxide?" Erbium has no known biological role, and has low toxicity. It is the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. 5.0. "It's amazing stuff. I said again. 4f12. Engineering assessment is necessary prior to a change in materials. Erbium has chemical symbol Er with atomic number 68. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Not to be confused with elements yttrium (39Y), terbium (65Tb) or erbium (68Er). Mosander continued to study cerite and was rewarded with the discovery of lanthanum. Kindle $133.00 $ 133. Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements. Each allotrope has different physical properties. This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. Erbium is added to fiber optic cables as a doping agent where it is used as a signal amplifier. Element Classification: Metal. 68: Erbium - Erbium [Er] Group: 3 Period: 6 Atomic number: 68 Atomic mass: 167.259 Configuration: [Xe] 4f 12 6s 2 Atomic radius: 226 pm Covalent radius: 189 pm Electron affinity: 50 eV Ionization energy: 6.1077 eV Electronic term: 3 H 6 Mass fraction in the earth crust: 0.000003 Mass fraction in the earth space: 0.000000002 Electronegativity: 1.24 So you ask a friend whether they have a bit of whatever. Name: Erbium Symbol: Er Atomic Number: 68 Atomic Mass: 167.26 amu Melting Point: 1522.0 °C (1795.15 K, 2771.6 °F) Boiling Point: 2510.0 °C (2783.15 K, 4550.0 °F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 68 Number of Neutrons: 99 Classification: Rare Earth Crystal Structure: Hexagonal Density @ 293 K: 8.795 g/cm 3 Color: grayish Atomic Structure This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Together they had had the idea of putting chemical compounds into a flame and analyzing the resulting light with a prism. Others got names like scandium, holmium, thulium in recognition of the region whence they first appeared. Gadolinite contained yttri… Erbium is a transition metal as well as a rare earth element. The temperature at which the liquid–gas phase change occurs. An integrated supply risk index from 1 (very low risk) to 10 (very high risk). We hope that you enjoy your visit to this Site. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell. It is defined as being the charge that an atom would have if all bonds were ionic. From these two substances, Mosander discovered two new elements, terbium and erbium. Boiling point Group Number: none. It has characteristics and properties that make it valuable for many uses. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Texas at Austin) Harry Atwater (Caltech) Javier Garcia de Abajo (ICFO, Barcelona) Marc Verschuuren (Philips Research) Academic research family tree for former group members in academia Former Ph.D. students. "Wow!" Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey. Imagine the poor man's horror when he got back to the lab and the manuscript was gone. Period Number: 6. Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average. We welcome your feedback. He replied. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. Commercial use of the Images will be charged at a rate based on the particular use, prices on application. These gossamer thin threads of glass are of a rare optical perfection. Synonym: Erbium sodium ytterbium yttrium fluoride, Green up-conversion phosphor, Ytterbium and erbium doped sodium yttrium fluoride Empirical Formula (Hill Notation): NaY 0.77 Yb 0.20 Er 0.03 F 4 Molecular Weight: 207.07 Phosphorus was first made by Hennig Brandt in Hamburg in Germany in 1669 when he evaporated urine and heated the residue until it was red hot. The red phosphor in the fluorescent lights must have contained erbium ions and because the emission wavelength of the phosphor exactly matched the absorption in my friend's crystals, resonant absorption occurs causing the magical glow. Density is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm3 at room temperature. Density is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm. Benjamin Brenny (2017, TNO) The RSC maintains this Site for your information, education, communication, and personal entertainment. Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. High = substitution not possible or very difficult. The periodic table is a chart that shows how chemical elements are related to each other. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. I've got some up in the lab". All such documents and related graphics are provided "as is" without any representation or endorsement made and warranty of any kind, whether expressed or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, compatibility, security and accuracy. Available instantly. (This too was impure and scandium was extracted from it a year later.). Phase at Room Temperature: Solid. Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially. It is used to give colour to some sunglasses and imitation gems. We moved the crystals back into the sunlight and the colour faded again. This Site has been carefully prepared for your visit, and we ask you to honour and agree to the following terms and conditions when using this Site. It’s Elemental - The Periodic Table of Elements. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by. You may not further copy, alter, distribute or otherwise use any of the materials from this Site without the advance, written consent of the RSC. Glowing phosphorus vapour came off and he condensed it under water. High = substitution not possible or very difficult. Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average. Over a period of three long years Bunsen methodically carried out the hundreds of crystallizations need to purify the elements, and then meticulously measured and sketched the spark spectra which contained many sharp bands of varying intensities. Say what? Sources, facts, uses, scarcity (SRI), podcasts, alchemical symbols, videos and images. Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Fundamentals and Technology (Optics and Photonics) by Philippe M. Becker, Anders A. Olsson, et al. Although a rare earth, erbium is not all that rare. With a feeling of relief, he finally headed off to the local pub for lunch. 628 Hofstadter Road, Suite 6Newport News, VA 23606, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility is managed by, Jefferson Science Associates, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy. Relative atomic mass The ground state electronic configuration of neutral erbium is [ Xe ]. The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. Erbium is a chemical element with atomic number 68 which means there are 68 protons in its nucleus.Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z.The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 … Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K. A measure of the stiffness of a substance. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. 4.6 out of 5 stars 5. A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. Group Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell. Nor shall the RSC be in any event liable for any damage to your computer equipment or software which may occur on account of your access to or use of the Site, or your downloading of materials, data, text, software, or images from the Site, whether caused by a virus, bug or otherwise. Text © The Royal Society of Chemistry 1999-2011 Each allotrope has different physical properties. Melting Point: 1802 K (1529°C or 2784°F) Boiling Point: 3141 K (2868°C or 5194°F) Density: 9.07 grams per cubic centimeter. These values were determined using several different methods. A horizontal row in the periodic table. The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale. Their mass varies from 142 to 177. Andrea Alù (Univ. Years of work reduced to ashes. The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. The minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state. Erbium is pronounced as UR-bee-em. Sublimation A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination … If you are in any doubt, please ask. Data for this section been provided by the. The image reflects the use of the element in producing pink glazes in ceramics. A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact. Erbium Limited was set up on Tuesday the 31st of May 2016. Erbium also has some uses in the nuclear power industry. Erbium is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with symbol Er and atomic number 68. The energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. Erbium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. Not yet available. It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases. A vertical column in the periodic table. W. Klemm and H. Bommer purified erbium by reducing anhydrous erbium chloride with potassium vapor. But what Bunsen could not know, was that there were spectroscopic bands in the infrared part of the spectrum and it is these that are what makes erbium so valuable to us today. Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination. Today, erbium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from the minerals xenotime (YPO4) and euxenite ((Y, Ca, Er, La, Ce, U, Th)(Nb, Ta, Ti)2O6). If you wish to use the Images in a manner not permitted by these terms and conditions please contact the Publishing Services Department by email. A couple of years ago a colleague popped his head round my door and said, as chemists do, "I'm on the scrounge". But much like light passing through the atmosphere, scattering occurs - photons of light collide occasionally with the chains of glass in the fibre and the light is attenuated, limiting the length of fibre one can use. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements. When it is artificially isolated its appearance is a silvery-white solid metal. Please enable JavaScript to access the full features of the site. Rare earth is a misleading category because these elements are … Element Erbium (Er), Group 19, Atomic Number 68, f-block, Mass 167.259. You do not have JavaScript enabled. Isotopes The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. A higher recycling rate may reduce risk to supply. But like many others working in the area, Bunsen was intrigued by the faint colours of the lanthanides, and their remarkable invariance. For questions about this page, please contact Steve Gagnon. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. In such cases we would ask you to sign a Visual Elements licence agreement, tailored to the specific use you propose. They can also be used for Erbium advertisement and […] Select Option. Erbium light - at 1.55 microns, in the near infrared region of the spectrum - falls right where Rayleigh scattering is at a minimum but away from where bond vibrations of the glass absorb infrared light. Four years earlier Mosander had discovered lanthanum. While erbium was one of the first lanthanoid elements to be discovered, the picture is clouded because early samples of this element must have contained other rare-earths. Element Erbium - Er Comprehensive data on the chemical element Erbium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Erbium. The mineral gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10), discovered in a quarry near the town of Ytterby, Sweden, has been the source of a great number of rare earth elements. Atomic Weight: 167.259. Not counting nuclear isomers, a total of 30 radioactive isotopes of erbium are known. In no event shall the RSC be liable for any damages including, without limitation, indirect or consequential damages, or any damages whatsoever arising from use or loss of use, data or profits, whether in action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use of the material available from this Site. The RSC makes no representations whatsoever about the suitability of the information contained in the documents and related graphics published on this Site for any purpose.

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