Biography: Francisco Franco, General and ruler of Spain for nearly forty years began his career as a young soldier, rising to 2nd in command of the Spanish Foreign Legion in 1920 and later its commander. [246][247], The American conservative commentator William F. Buckley, Jr was an admirer of Franco, and praised him effusively in his magazine, National Review, where the staff were also ardent admirers of the dictator. his wife bought up properties in the choicest areas of Madrid, with the goal of giving one to each of her grandchildren as presents. A privately owned DH 89 De Havilland Dragon Rapide, flown by two British pilots, Cecil Bebb and Hugh Pollard,[80] was chartered in England on 11 July to take Franco to Africa. [133], On 19 April 1937, Franco and Serrano Ser, with the acquiescence of Generals Mola and Quiepo de Llano, forcibly merged the ideologically distinct national-syndicalist Falange and the Carlist monarchist parties into one party under his rule, dubbed Falange Espaola Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS),[134] which became the only legal party in 1939. He restored the monarchy in his final years, being succeeded by Juan Carlos, King of Spain, who led the Spanish transition to democracy. After the fall of the monarchy in 1931, the leaders of the new Spanish Republic undertook a major and much-needed military reform, and Francos career was temporarily halted. Tras pasar el estrecho de Gibraltar al frente del ejrcito de frica, Franco avanz por la pennsula hacia el norte. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo (lhendatult Francisco Franco Bahamonde vi generalissimus (Generalsimo) Francisco Franco vi el Caudillo ('juht')); (4. detsember 1892 Ferrol - 20. november 1975 Madrid) oli Hispaania riigipea aastast 1936 kuni 1975. aastani, mil ta suri.. Tema esivanemate hulgas oli ka Portugali kuningaid. This way the republican government of Manuel Azaa initiated numerous reforms to what in their view would "modernize" the country. [64][65] Stanley G. Payne claims that the process was blatant electoral fraud, with widespread violation of the laws and the constitution. According to some scholars, after the Fall of France in June 1940, Spain did adopt a pro-Axis stance (for example, German and Italian ships and U-boats were allowed to use Spanish naval facilities) before returning to a more neutral position in late 1943 when the tide of the war had turned decisively against the Axis Powers, and Italy had changed sides. Franco's strong nationalistic and military upbringing was the basis for his fascist dictatorship. He became a leader in the anti-Communist movement, garnering support from the West, particularly the United States. The first stage (1939-1950) was defined by the economic independence or autarky imposed by Franco's government. [209] According to Antony Beevor, recent research in more than half of Spain's provinces indicates at least 35,000 official executions in the country after the war, suggesting that the generally accepted figure of 35,000 official executions is low. [128] They augmented their forces with arms captured from the Republicans,[129] and successfully integrated over half of Republican prisoners of war into the Nationalist army. On 11 February 2004, Luis Yez-Barnuevo and others presented a motion for the "Need for international condemnation of the Franco regime" to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Portrait of Francisco Franco in 1964 from Biblioteca Virtual de Defensa (left). Spain was then admitted to the United Nations in 1955. [234] The demand was rejected by the Spanish Government, which issued another 15-day deadline to choose another site. Home rule was granted to Catalonia, with a local parliament and a president of its own. [162], Spanish neutrality during World War II was publicly acknowledged by leading Allied statesmen. This exposition depicted the experiences of prisoners in Franco's prison system, and described other aspects of the penal system such as women's prisons, trials, the jailers, and prisoners' families. [123] Beevor "reckons Franco's ensuing 'white terror' claimed 200,000 lives. [203] Under the perspective of a comparative of European fascisms, Javier Rodrigo considers the Francoist regime to be paradigmatic for three reasons: for being the only authoritarian European regime with totalitarian aspirations, for being the regime that deployed the most political violence in times of rhetorical peace, and for being the regime deploying the most effective "memoricidal" apparatus. [211] The Confederacin Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and the Unin General de Trabajadores (UGT) trade unions were outlawed, and replaced in 1940 by the corporatist Sindicato Vertical. [38], In December 1931, a new reformist, liberal, and democratic constitution was declared. He was short and was bullied for his small size. Franco remains a very controversial figure. del E. Nm. Francisco Franco A Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a dictator for 36 years from 1939 until his death. Nevertheless, because of the relatively superior military quality of his army and the continuation of heavy German and Italian assistance, Franco won a complete and unconditional victory on April 1, 1939. Franco was briefly elevated to Chief of Army Staff before the 1936 election moved the leftist Popular Front into power, relegating him to the Canary Islands. [81] On 17 July, one day earlier than planned, the Army of Africa rebelled, detaining their commanders. The Catholic Church was upheld as the established church of the Spanish State, and it regained many of the traditional privileges which it had lost under the Republic. As his final years progressed, tensions within the various factions of the Movimiento would consume Spanish political life, as varying groups jockeyed for position in an effort to win control of the country's future. The left proved victorious in the elections, but the new government was unable to prevent the accelerating dissolution of Spains social and economic structure. Spain continued to be able to obtain valuable German goods, including military equipment, as part of payment for Spanish raw materials,[171] and traded wolfram with Germany until August 1944 when the Germans withdrew from the Spanish frontier. Although the transition to democracy was successful, the regime left deep scars in the Spanish society that can still be felt up to this day. The government gave Franco's family a 15-day deadline to decide Franco's final resting place, or else a "dignified place" would be chosen by the government. The year after, Mohammed V invaded Spanish Sahara during the Ifni War (known as the "Forgotten War" in Spain). On one side, Franco had to win the support of the native Moroccan population and their (nominal) authorities, and, on the other, he had to ensure his control over the army. Only in 1975, with the Green March, did Morocco take control of all of the former Spanish territories in the Sahara. In 2010, documents were discovered showing that on 13 May 1941, Franco ordered his provincial governors to compile a list of Jews while he negotiated an alliance with the Axis powers. Francisco Franco, in full Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco Bahamonde, byname El Caudillo ("The Leader"), (born December 4, 1892, El Ferrol, Spaindied November 20, 1975, Madrid), general and leader of the Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39); thereafter he was the head Victory was proclaimed on 1 April 1939, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered. During the 1960s, the wealthy classes of Francoist Spain experienced further increases in wealth, particularly those who remained politically faithful, while a burgeoning middle class became visible as the "economic miracle" progressed. [93] Through representatives, he started to negotiate with the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy for more military support, and above all for more aircraft. [183] This was undertaken through Francoist Spain's Ambassador to Egypt, Angel Sagaz, on the understanding that emigrant Jews would not immediately emigrate to Israel and that they would not publicly use the case as political propaganda against Nasser's Egypt. For the first four years after taking Madrid, he ruled almost exclusively by decree. Payne, Stanley G. and Palacios Jesus. For unofficial use, citizens continued to speak these languages. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Padre: Nicols Franco y Salgado-Arajo. While the Republican forces presented the war as a struggle to defend the Republic against fascism, Franco depicted himself as the defender of "Catholic Spain" against "atheist communism".[142][143]. [107] Initially, only military command mattered: this was divided into regional commands (Emilio Mola in the North, Gonzalo Queipo de Llano in Seville commanding Andalucia, Franco with an independent command, and Miguel Cabanellas in Zaragoza commanding Aragon). The tens of thousands of executions carried out by the Nationalist regime, which continued during the first years after the war ended, earned Franco more reproach than any other single aspect of his rule. The desire to keep a place open for him prevented any other Falangist leader from emerging as a possible head of state. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [193], Franco adopted Fascist trappings,[194][195][196][197] although Stanley Payne argued that very few scholars consider him to be a "core fascist". In May 1935 he was appointed chief of the Spanish armys general staff, and he began tightening discipline and strengthening military institutions, although he left many of the earlier reforms in place. This cultural policy was relaxed over time, most notably during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Njegova je vladavina poznata po fokusiranju na panjolski nacionalizam, imperijalistikim tenjama, centralizmu . Especially since most of the people in power today were raised during Franco's rule. Already in command of the only political party and the army, Franco established a personalist government throughout Spain. Supporters credit him for keeping Spain neutral and uninvaded in World War II. This saw mass executions of Republican and other Nationalist enemies, standing in contrast to the war-time Red Terror. Like four generations and his elder brother before him, Franco was originally destined for a career as a naval officer, but reduction of admissions to the Naval Academy forced him to choose the army. Historian Ricardo de la Cierva claimed, however, that he had been told around 6pm on 19 November that Franco had already died. El general Francisco Franco gobern Espaa entre 1939 y 1975, luego de participar en un alzamiento militar contra el gobierno de la II Repblica en 1936, una rebelin que provoc una guerra. His administration marginalised fascist ideologues in favour of technocrats, many of whom were linked with Opus Dei, who promoted economic modernisation. He was also the second sibling to die, killed in an air accident on a military mission in 1938. About Business Point; Blog; Contact; Home; Home; Home; Our Services. [208] The first decade of Franco's rule following its end saw continued repression and the killing of an undetermined number of political opponents. On 11 August Mrida was taken, and on 15 August Badajoz, thus joining both nationalist-controlled areas. The legacy of Franco in Spanish history remains controversial, as the nature of his dictatorship changed over time. 198", "Political Change in Portugal and Spain, 1975-1976: The Southern Flank in Crisis", "El Congreso aprueba pedir al Gobierno la exhumacin de los restos de Franco del Valle de los Cados", "Spain to dig up Franco's body after government passes decree", "Spanish parliament votes to exhume remains of dictator Franco", "Franco's family demands dictator be buried with military honors", "Spanish government gives Franco family ultimatum in effort to exhume dictator's remains", "Mingorrubio, la antigua colonia franquista donde se enterrara a Franco: "No queremos ser el Valle de los Cados", "Spain's Supreme Court suspends the planned exhumation of Franco", "Spain to move Franco's remains after court gives go-ahead", "Franco's remains to finally leave Spain's Valley of the Fallen", "Confronting its troubled past, Spain exhumes Franco", "Factbox: Reactions to Spain's exhumation of former dictator Franco", "The Battle Over the Memory of the Spanish Civil War", "Spain handles with care memories of its civil war", "Viudos de Franco homenajearon a Pinochet en Espaa", Politics As Usual? [21][22] Franco was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant in June 1912 at age 19. [245] Abroad he had support from Winston Churchill, Charles De Gaulle, Konrad Adenauer and many American Catholics, but was strongly opposed by the Roosevelt and Truman administrations. [122] For reasons of prestige it was decided to continue assisting Franco until the end of the war, and Italian and German troops paraded on the day of the final victory in Madrid. During the pre-stabilization years of 19571959, Spanish economic planners implemented partial measures such as moderate anti-inflationary adjustments and incremental moves to integrate Spain into the global economy, but external developments and a worsening domestic economic crisis forced them to adopt more sweeping changes.