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Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. There also was concern that villagization could have a negative impact on fragile local resources, accelerate the spread of communicable diseases, and increase problems with plant pests and diseases. The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. Abstract and Figures. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. Section D. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . <i>Results . Taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are commonly grown in the same region as the ensete. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. Furthermore, the ten-year plan envisages to build a climate resilient green economy. In chtse area intensive farming is carried on in limited. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. The country, therefore, is expected to import wheat and soybeans in the coming years. J. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. 3. Therefore, investment in commercial farming requires considerable due diligence. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. Land use function 2 2.2. A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming . NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. By 1990 the state had begun to develop large poultry farms, mostly around Addis Ababa, to supply hotels and government institutions. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). Search term. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. One way the government is hoping to improve cotton yields is with Genetically Engineered (GE) cotton. In Ethiopia's lowlands, for example, the presence of malaria kept farmers from settling in many areas. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. "National Statistical Abstract. ", Tables D.4 D.7. Official websites use .gov There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. 2. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. In fact, the Ethiopia Investment Commission considers the textile and garment sector as a strategic sector. To that end, the government has made significant investments in cotton production in order to support manufacturing, including the recent establishment of industrial zones, and has gone to great lengths to provide incentives to attract foreign manufacturers to set up operations in the country. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. [7] <i>Objective</i>. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. Section D. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. Productivity and technology. Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. The most important agricultural exports include coffee, hides and skins (leather products), Pulses, oil seeds, beeswax, and, increasingly, tea. Download. Background Understanding the landscape features of agricultural lands and soil management practices is pertinent to verify the potential and limitations of the soil resources; and devise relevant land management strategies. Wubne, Mulatu. The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. Domestically, coffee contributed about 20% of the government's revenue. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Trade. Land ownership is also a complicating factor. To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. This site contains PDF documents. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. Title. Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. Amare Getahun's (1978) paper on agricultural systems in Ethiopia is one of the few attempts to classify agricultural systems in Ethiopia into (a) the highland mixed farming system, (b) low plateaux and valley mixed agriculture, (c) pastoral livestock production of the arid and semi-arid zones and (d) commercial agriculture, and to describe the main characteristics of each system. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. The expected growth from these agriculture-related industries offers numerous opportunities for agricultural input sales, such as tractors and harvesters, farm trucks, fertilizer, irrigation equipment, grain handling systems, food and livestock processing equipment, as well as cold storage facilities. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. Agriculture accounts for most of (30- 42%) of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. Agriculture. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). Overview. It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. The manufacturing sector plays a marginal role in employment generation, exports, output, and inter-sectoral linkages. An estimated 85 percent of the . During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. [7], While efforts are being made to intensify and industrialize the sector, questions arise as to how Ethiopia can develop and expand its livestock population when Ethiopians already struggle to gain access to good soil, grazing land, and water. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. The mixed agriculture exhibits several subsystems. . A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. . Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. Agriculture. Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). Agron., 16: 180-195. . Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. The Mengistu regime encouraged fruit and vegetable production. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. [7], Although the issue of land reform was not addressed until the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the government had tried to introduce programs to improve the condition of farmers.