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Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. VAT reg no 816865400. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. By 1568 most people had accepted. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Apply for student finance without a bank account? "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. Spouse: None. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. 2) This war was not a success. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. Spanish invasion plans. Best Answer. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . The attack was a success. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Continue with Recommended Cookies. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. Topic guides / Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. What were the causes of westward Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Save. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Overview of Elizabeth I / James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. 1. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. West Yorkshire, The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . 1558 -french threat. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. Register for free, Home / Mary Queen of Scots was married to . See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. Those who refused this were sent to prison. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. and reversing the religious settlement. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. 214 High Street, The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. Boston House, - send 2000 to rebels. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Foreign Affairs. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. Spain and France were the major European powers. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. Elizabeth I: a biography. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. Mary was spared. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. One was debt. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. West Yorkshire, The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? Boston Spa, The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. First English colony in Virginia established. to answer the Section Focus Question: Manage Settings How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . Student / The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . migration? Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. Born: 7 September 1533. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. 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In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. As such, I disagree with the statement. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Europe. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Why was France a threat? Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. J. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. It had to deal with Irish . This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. Most people in . - navy to firth of Forth. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there.