If the cylinder heads are the lungs of an engine, the camshaft is the brain. Things like idle vacuum, fuel economy, and tuning all factor into picking the right cam. The 110 is probably a better choice for a performance street engine. The 30-30 Duntov is on the high end of the duration recommendation. Comp cam hydraulic roller lifters. To further minimize any dyno variations, the engine's oil and water temperatures were kept the same for each pull. This has been my long time understanding! I've seen a few comments in threads on here that have said things like "going to the 112LC from the 108LC gives 4lbft more torque at the bottom and 2bhp more at the top" yet this would seem to go against what webcam say on. The Idles increasing vacuum improves the idle quality and the engines overall performance. If two cams are identical with the exception of lobe separation angle (we'll say 108 and 114) the cam with 114LSA will make more low end power than the 108LSA cam? FWIW. Copyright 2022, S&S Motorsports LLC, All Rights Reserved - Powered by, http://www.webcamshafts.com/cam_glossary.html, http://www.newcovenant.com/speedcrafter haft/3.htm, Webcam 86A 108LC w/1.5 vs 86B 112LC w/1.3s. 106 LSA: At this LSA, the car machine has to confront the reduction of idle vacuum rate quite often. 106 LSA: As you know, the intake and exhaust lobes centerline distance is known as lobe separation angle. It will sound lovely I'm sure. For large port heads like the CNC 044's which can use the extra lift 1.4's make a noticable difference. Brul slid the 113-LSA cam, the widest of the test, into the engine's heart and set about putting all the pieces back in place. 114LSA +4 puts the intake centerline at 110 degrees before top dead center. 02 The 402-inch stroker short-block combined an aluminum LS2 block with a 4.000-inch crank and 6.125-inch rods. Camshafts with a substantial overlapping tendency should not be used in vehicles driven on public streets. 106 LSA: There is a scale of standard cranking compression of the engine. JavaScript is disabled. by jim martin Mon May 12, 2003 7:10 pm, Post Hopefully It will do fine in my 2276 mostly drag bug. Introduction. You get a better idle, vacuum, and response from a 112o-114o lobe. A wide LSA reduces valve overlap, softens the idle and improves overall drivabilityespecially on the street where performance engines benefit from 112 to 114 LSA. OK, what is hydraboost, and how do you like how the cam performs??? not exactly true, Ive seen custom grinds that are on 108 lca, smooth idle, high vacuum an even able to run efi, usually on an off the shelf cam it is true. Build your own custom newsletter with the content you love from EngineLabs, directly to your inbox, absolutely FREE! Leave the 108 for solid rollers turning big rpms. This was science at work, and with data in tow, it was time to crunch the numbers and find out what was going on. any input is appreciated guys, thanks. Builds More High-RPM Power Increase Piston-Intake Valve Clearance Decrease Piston-Exhaust Valve Clearance EFFECTS OF CHANGING LOBE SEPERATION ANGLE (LSA) Tighten (smaller LSA number) Moves Torque to Lower RPM Increases Maximum Torque Narrow Power band Builds Higher Cylinder Pressure Increase Chance of Engine Knock Increase Cranking Compression LSA helps determine the cam's behavior; you can take a given set of lift and duration figures, change the LSA, and get cams with vastly different characteristics. Tuning this cam would be slightly more difficult due to the reduced idle vacuum, but it is hard to argue with all the extra power. Thanks again. Most street cams are ground 4 degrees advanced which boosts bottom end, throttle response, vacume, mpg driveability etc. Supercharged and nitrous race engines typically benefit from a wider LSA because they dont require as much overlap for exhaust scavenging as does the naturally aspirated engine, continues Bolander. also,, wider will produce a wider and more flat torque curve that doesn't fall off as abruptly up top rpms. What Is the SBC Header Bolt Torque? Your best bet would be to talk to one of the experts at a cam company to get a custom grind if you're that into the specs. Pinning the tail on the perfect cam can certainly be a difficult task. Most cars use more than, Read More Does It Matter Which Ignition Coil Goes Where? For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. While most of our customers know what lift and duration are, most are unfamiliar with the term Lobe Center and how it affects the engines performance. For Example: A 110-degree lobe separation means that the peak opening points of the Intake and Exhaust lobes is 110 degrees apart. Given that nitrous works best in the mid- to upper-rpm range, nitrous-powered engines need a wider lobe separation, like 112 . by Marc Mon May 12, 2003 11:38 am, Post But i would nt go any wider than 110. 1966 Toyota Landcruiserunder construction. If a street car has smaller lift and duration numbers, they might run 112 or 114. To reiterate another point, I realize that wider LSAs tend to broaden the power band, but for a car I would like to bracket race a bit, as well as enjoy on the street, I was told that a narrower LSA will help the car accelerate at a faster rate. How To Properly Replace Ignition Coils, Chevy 350 Ignition Coil Location And Everything About Them, Heres What Causes Your Car to Bog Down When Accelerating. Cylinder-head flow and LSA are directly related: as a rule of thumb, the better the head flows, the wider the LSA can be. Simply put, the lobe center of the camshaft controls where the power curve is applied. in some cases,, the average torque can equal out. A mobile functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to record cerebral oxygenation signals in the left prefrontal cortex (LPFC), right prefrontal cortex (RPFC), left parietal lobe (LPL), and right parietal lobe (RPL) and analyze the EC of the cerebral cortex. A good amount of idle vacuum or increased idle vacuum found at 110 LSA advances the engines efficiency. But to choose the perfect cam, all of that information needs understanding. With a 108 degree lobe center, a cam will have a rougher idle and produce less vacuum due to more overlap. (2002) et rappel sur une carte hors texte. The 112-degree cam produced peak numbers of 567 hp at 6,200 rpm and 540 lb-ft of torque while pumping out 511 lb-ft of torque at 4,000 rpm. Also If you go with 112 lobe centers, you create less valve overlap which will increase your compretion. Since we were only changing the lobe separation angle, we had to make sure every variable (air/fuel, timing, water, air, and oil temps) was identical during testing. Thanks for the replies, particularly that link Marc, very informative. It is the angle that separates the intake and exhaust lobe for a particular cylinder, and is measured in camshaft degrees. If that accessory still does not assist the cam in producing enough vacuum, then as a last resort you can use a vacuum pump. Some prefer a narrow powerband, and some prefer the broader one. Hopefully it turns out great. Let's just talk lobe sep angle. It really comes down to the application. 110 LSA: On the contrary, 110LSA has a higher piston-to-valve clearance rate. Looking at 108vs. by bug1914 Tue May 13, 2003 2:56 am, Post Either learn to fix it, or learn to write checks. JavaScript is disabled. by xstfudonniex Sat Dec 06, 2008 4:21 pm, Post 110 LSA: On the other hand, 110 LSA is comparatively a wider LSA; it can generate a massive amount of RPM for the engine. My duration will be about 230 degrees. In a blower motor when the valve timing events are where they need to be the lobe sep will usually wind up in the 114-115 range on most Combos. More than any other component, the cam profile determines things like idle quality, mileage, and overall driveability. lobe centers and lobe separation are 2 different things . Torsion Beam Vs Multi Link: Who Wins the Battle? Lower cylinder pressure is advantageous for your engine. To demonstrate changes to lobe separation in action, we ordered three camshafts from Comp Cams, all ground with identical lift (0.541 intake and 0.537 exhaust) and duration (230 intake and 236 exhaust) but with three different LSAs: a 101, a 107, and a 113. It depends on the combination of engine size, head flow and head flow balance, as well as a big one, exhaust flow capabilities. As usual, Marc (aka Master) is correct. It is an important note you must keep; due to the lobe separation angle, there creates an overlapping of intake valve opening time and exhaust valve closing time and vice versa. But nothing comes without a cost, and idle vacuum suffers as LSA shrinks. General topics - 76 LA built, CA car with m20. Nitrous engines, which make plenty of power and torque, often run wide lobe separation angles to moderate cylinder pressures and temperatures. 04 Minor modifications to the factory windage tray were necessary to work with the new stroker assembly. The 112-degree cam offered nearly all the low-speed and mid-range torque of the 108 cam but the peak power suffered above 5,200 rpm. LSA is the distance from the centerline of the intake lobe to the centerline of exhaust lobe. Some of the confusion on this subject comes from what the meaning of "bottom" and "top" is to the speaker, I suppose. Tight lobe separations, such as 108 or shorter, will cause the peak torque to build earlier in the RPM range and peak-out in a short amount of . by farmer Mon May 12, 2003 3:14 pm, Post It a 355. thanks in advance. by Kdub Sun Dec 07, 2008 1:20 am, Post It affects the powerband and temperament of a motor more than any other single part, and a slight change can turn a car from a mild-tempered grocery-getter to a downright nasty machine. The taller lobe seperation will have a longer powerband but will have to rev higher to make the power than the lower lobe seperation! 106 LSA: There is an increasing chance of engine knock at the 106 lobe separation angle. It also depends on what the vehicle will be used for and if economy and vacuum are important. Every spec is a road map to what the valves are doing, the most common of which are lift, duration, and lobe-separation angle (LSA)the latter needing the most explanation. Equipped with the 120-degree (LSA) cam, the hybrid stroker produced 570 hp at 6,200 rpm and 535 lb-ft of torque at 5,200 rpm. Ultimately, it makes the 110 LSA an oil-consuming LSA. Big strokers like tighter LCA but it really depends on your combo and usage, theres great OTS cams but for a custom engine a custom cam is the way to go With identical cam lobes you won't see a bit of difference. by Paul H Tue May 13, 2003 1:24 pm, Post 03 The 4.000-inch crank and 6.125-inch rods were combined with a set of forged asymmetrical pistons from JE. That was all, and we have already reached the concluding point. I forgot to add that poor vacuum is not much of a concern to me because I have no power accessories. My lift will be about .580" intake and exhaust, with about 230/236 duration with a 1.7 rocker ratio, utilizing a Jesel shaft rocker system. - Sheryl Crow. When choosing a cam, power gains shouldn't be the only consideration. Before getting to the cam profiles, we had to make sure we had a reasonable test engine. The Crane has a smoother idle, broader power band, and . These favorable mechanical features depict the powerful acceleration capacity of the engine with higher oil and energy consumption rate, overheating problems, and other mechanical problems. On the cranking compression test, Brul recorded 175 psi, a 10-psi drop from the outgoing 101 cam. This overlapping has a direct influence on the oil consumption rate of the engine. After consulting with many experts, you are still in confusion between 106 and 110- lobe separation angles. The only reason the advance or retard a camshaft profile is to get the timing events where they need to be. I believe you have got the idea of what you were seeking. This is why the LS series, and many other modern engines, can make great power on top and bottom with wide LSA camshafts and why a plethora of factory cylinder heads are flowing near (or above) 300 cfm. The 112-degree cam (red lines) picked up much of the torque, but the big winner was the cam with the tightest lobe separation angle. That is why 106 LSA consumes less oil. I wouldn't assume 4 links fuel requirements will mirror yours at all. It affects the amount of valve overlap; that is the brief period of time when both the intake and exhaust valves are open.. LSA CAM TEST-108 vs 112 vs 120 Richard Holdener 239K subscribers 168K views 2 years ago WESTECH PERFORMANCE GROUP FULL RESULTS-CHANGE ONLY LSA-LS CAM TEST. i've heard of this being done something about the massive amounts of duration allowes gasses to disipate? 07 Though the CNC-ported heads offered plenty of flow, it was necessary to upgrade the supplied valvesprings. Tight LSA cams make excellent low-end torque and have a beautiful power curve. If the exhaust valve closes too early it will trap some of the spent gases in the combustion chamber, and if it closes too late it will over-scavenge the chamber and take out too much of the charge, again creating an artificially lean condition. Tests 2 and 3 meant dissecting the motor on the dyno to get the old cam out. 110 for sure. A wide lobe seperation is not always better than a narrow one, or vise versa. so it is a solid flat tappet, torker intake, 1" 4-hole tapered spacer and 750 carb (QFT) transmission is a wide ratio toploader, rear is a 9" 3.89 geared 26"rear tires. 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Check out the Comp Cams catalog, even the biggest hydraulic rollers use 110. It idles very well at 650 rpm with a nice lope and runs strong. We do not stock profiles with 109 or 114 lobe centers. Realize what the engine is going in, however, as you may not be able to use the wildest cam out there. It is the average centerline between both lobes and expressed in degrees ranging from 95 on the extremely narrow/tight side to upward of 120 on the wide end. The center of those 2 events is the LOBE CENTERLINE (ECL). If the overlap phase occurs too early, it will create an overly rich condition in the exhaust port, severely decreasing the gas mileage. 1-4 It is one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide, 1-5 is among the most common . Powerband serves a massive contribution to the acceleration car. Come join the discussion about restoration, modifications, NOS parts, troubleshooting, VIN codes, and more! It provides a spark plug with the high voltage needed for combustion. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Although both wide (112-116) and narrow (102-110) lobe separation angles do have an effect on overlap, it's still possible to get a lot of overlap with very wide lobe separation angle cams. Retarding the camshaft (a higher intake lobe centerline number 108 vs. 104) will generally start the power band later in the RPM range and decrease the cylinder pressure. I have Crane hydraulic link bar style roller lifters, so I dont have to use the spider style. Lobe separations gives lots of overlap and lobe centers just happens when the grinder decides how the peak of the lobe will arrive on a specific grind by their tooling. Compression willl be 9.75:1. I'm sorry to disagree with that incredibly well written article, but lobe separation by itself is absolutely freaking meaningless. " - Voltaire. Howards Cams Retro-Fit Hydraulic Roller Camshaft and Lifter Kits CL120325-08. It's the scavenging effect of the high velocity exhaust gases rushing out that pulls the fresh fuel/air charge into the chamber. If you shift at 7500-7800 add 4-6 degrees to both intake and exhaust and spread the lobe separation to 108-110. Re: Lobe separations on 383-406 cids.104-106-108-110. The LSA, or lobe separation angle, is ground into the cam and cannot be changed. but less of it at the same time. JavaScript is disabled. "When you've properly tuned a performance motor, you create high- and low-pressure waves in the intake and exhaust that help cylinder filling," said Comp Cams' Billy Godbold. On a tight lobe separation, like 106-108 degrees, the engine will build torque quickly and reach its peak early. However, in application, there is a lot more to consider. probably just enough to get me in trouble.. I bet you won't see a bit of difference. ~These are just some of the drawbacks weas guys who like to go mach 10 with our hair on fire and these little motors screaming at rpms that make other guys cryhave to deal with.~. Widening their separation angle helps increase upper rpm power output. Okay, have a sigh because you have opened the right door. I will be running an Edelbrock Performer RPM, with a Quick Fuel 750cfm with a screw adjustable vacuum secondary; it's called the Pro-vac. This cam also offered the highest torque output at 4,000 rpm with 522 lb-ft. Based on the peak numbers alone you might be tempted to grab the one with the tightest (108-degree) LSA, but there is more to a cam test than power. Engine knocking generally occurs when the burning of the fuel by the engine is uneven. ALL bolts are ARP. Unfortunately, good street manners are often at odds with performance, as wilder cam timing usually decreases idle and (low-speed) driveability. The engine would idle a lot rougher and generate worse exhaust emissions largely because of unburned fuel.. My engine shop builds all kinds of hot rod motors, and they told me that because I am running a 4 speed manual, I will better be able to take advantage of the 108 LSA. Now that we have a basic understanding of lobe separation angle, we can put together a test to illustrate just what happens when you make changes to it. http://www.mustangworks.com/cgi-bin/moi-display.cgi?220, http://www.popularhotrodding.com/en6em_camshaft_specs/lobe_seperation_angle.html. To overcome this inherent problem in wide LSA camshafts, you simply need a higher-flowing intake port. Before we all start suffering from separation anxiety, we need to understand what lobe separation angle actually is and then how it affects your engine. Post Well, I saw that Erson makes some nice hydraulic rollers with 108 LSAs, and I know that tighter LSAs have more midrange, so I thought they might be worth a try. by flat4racer17 Mon May 12, 2003 1:40 pm, Post However, finding them might be challenging if you dont have any prior knowledge. Nitrous engines, which make plenty of power and torque, often run wide lobe separation angles to moderate cylinder pressures and temperatures. Adding an aftermarket cam to an otherwise stock engine can boost output by 40-60 hp (or more) with no other changes (except possibly a valvespring upgrade). The 402 was run with a FAST LSXR LS3 intake and matching 102mm throttle body along with stock LS3 rockers, a Holley HP management system and 7.4-inch hardened pushrods (from Comp Cams). Some of the programs like engine analyzer pro and dynomation seem to like some of the wider lsa's.Thanks again JOE. That way you can discuss what you want from the engine and how changes in LSA or any of the other specs will affect how the engine performs. However, these rules are not absolute. Your email address will not be published. These issues can often be worked through by an advanced tuner, but always present a challenge and compromise in tuning strategy. 15,215. ohio. But, you may find it quite shocking that the piston-to-valve clearances decreasing rate raises the chance of damaging the valve by the piston. All three terms are similar, as they all relate to the relationship between the centerline of the Intake lobe and the centerline of the Exhaust lobe. i have a 4 bolt 351C, stock bore, 10.5 cr with 351C Boss heads ,boss crank and rods. If you drew a line that divided the intake lobe in half right at the point of maximum lift, then did the same to the exhaust lobe, then measured the distance in cam degrees between the two, that would be the lobe separation angle. I would say 114-117* would be a normal 1960's stock cam range and 117* to 120* is more what we see on modern engines. A forum community dedicated to hot rod owners and enthusiasts. 108* or narrower lobe separation angle (LSA) is "Narrow" and 114* or wider (up to 117* or 120* for stock cams) is "Wide" , with 110 to 112* being the "normal" hot-rod cam. Frankly cams with a 108-114 lca unless in the perfect combo you won't usually see more than 15hp and you won't really feel the difference except for either a peaky or broad power band. Here are the basics: higher lift values open the valves to increase airflow and longer duration keeps the valves open longer. dont sound like a verry street friendly motor butany thoughts? In my opinion, the rougher the idle the better! (ICL + ECL) / 2 = LOBE SEPARATION ANGLE (LSA) LSA is a RESULT of the PROPER events. The absence of engine knocking ensures that your car engine is reasonably combusting the fuel. If you're an OEM automaker looking for a steady idle, good fuel economy, and passing tailpipe emissions, this is the cam of choice. I would have to say that your cam choice sounds like a winner to me. However, a cam with 108 will only pull 12-16", which is not enough for power assisted accessories. I think that cam had 110 lobe sep. Im loking at a summit cam with close to the same lift and duration #s but 114 lobe sep. 4-Link72, do you run racing gas or pump with 10.5:1 CR? Topping the short-block was a set of Chevrolet Performance CNC LS3 heads from Gandrud Chevrolet. Camshaft: Hydraulic Roller, Comp Cam custom grind (ADV Duration 281-287,@ .050 230-236, lift 622I & 625E w/1.6 rockers.) The ported heads were capable of supporting over 700 hp, so we knew they would not be restrictive on our stroker. I have used some cut on a 110 that worked well too, but they never sounded as good as the tight ones. Well get out of that stocker and build a hipo motor for your VW. The final cam was tighter still, with a 108-degree LSA. However it is at the expense of a small amount of bottom end power and idle quality, due to the increased overlap. The standard bore block was then stuffed with a 4340 forged steel 4.0-inch crank and 6.125-inch rods, along with a set of flat-top, forged JE pistons. 110 LSA: On the contrary, it is pretty unpleasant to inform you that the efficient compression rate decreases at 110 LSA. Test 1 was easy. VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. The lobe separation angle is the angle in camshaft degrees between the maximum lift points, or centerlines, of the intake and exhaust lobes. This is very critical for manifold vacuum, throttle response, emissions, and gas mileage. A wider lobe separation angle can often provide more power, but it can also lead to more wear on the engine. by ANT Thu May 15, 2003 6:44 pm, Copyright 2022, S&S Motorsports LLC, All Rights Reserved - Powered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited. Defining Lobe Center and It's Importance to Engine Performance: A Blog. The other thing is that you need to tune your ignition advance to maximize your performance. But, after comparing these two LSA based on a few mechanical aspects, such as maximum Torque, RPM, powerband, oil consumption, and many more, you will find the 106 LSA with better performance output. The lumpy-idling 101 LSA cam churned out an average of 484.0 hp at 6,100 rpm with 493.9 lb-ft of torque at 4,400 rpm. I have 108 for LSA and my headlights take awhile to go up when the car is idling. A 112-114 degree lobe center will have a better idle and produce more vacuum with less overlap. I don't know about 13 to one but I have seen 12 to one on a 350 chev in hot rod article, BUT the guy soft petals around on the street with no full throttle use and puts racing gas in at the track. by ANT Tue May 13, 2003 1:08 pm, Post Contrariwise, 106 LSA car engines are the best choice for people seeking energy-efficient cars with moderate engine power. 110 LSA: On the other hand, 110 LSA is a wider LSA with almost no overlap. Ultimately, it comes down to how you want the engine to run, the car's intended purpose, and what you are willing to tolerate. The final, 108-degree cam stepped power up even further, with peaks of 572 hp at 6,300 rpm and 544 lb-ft at 5,200 rpm. Boom, you get the lobe separation angle of that engine. 110 LSA: Oppositely, the cylinder pressure is comparatively lower at 110 LSA than at 106 LSA. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. So the wider LSA introduces a broader and therefore longer torque band.. 106 LSA: At 106 LSA, the cylinder pressure is a bit higher. It creates an unsteady manifold vacuum condition that, on a fuel-injected engine, confuses manifold air pressure (MAP) sensors, making it hard for them to regulate fueling. See all 14 photos 13 The three power curves indicate that the wide (120-degree). (LOBE SEPARATION ANGLE)cam CRANES 110921 has the intake close at 45 degrees ABDC while the wider lsa CRANES 114681 closes the valves at 50.0 ABDC . It affects the amount of valve overlap; that is the brief period of time when both the intake and exhaust valves are open. But, you may wonder knowing that a higher valve clearance rate reduces the chance of damaging the valve by the piston. But, at 106 LSA, the cranking compression may increase above the standard PSI level. Bad idea in my view. Also know as Lobe Separation; Lobe Center is simply the distance between the peak opening points on the Intake and Exhaust lobes. Armed with more information on camshaft theory, what will you build? What brand and what are the specs on your cam, 4-linked72? Pretty much standard for an RV type cam. The lobe separation angle in a natural car engine conveys a considerable impact, especially regarding the maximum torque. its got a 3.73 posi and the Stock 4 speed with a very low 3.42 1st gear. Required fields are marked *. 68 Mustang, 306, AFR 185\'s, CI cam, FPA\'s, Bigs 650 DP, T5Z, 9" w/4.33's. This causes the engine's street manners and tuning to become fickle. Selecting a camshaft for a given engines purpose usually involves a compromise between low- or high-end power options, and the lobe separation angle (LSA) is one of those factors where engine builders have to make a choice between those priorities. by SStrokerAce Sun Dec 07, 2008 12:22 am, Post Well, there can be different reasons for this problem. In general, a stock replacement camshaft with duration of less than 200 degrees will have a lobe separation angle of more than 114 degrees. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Cam timing plays an important role not only in the power generated but also the overall character of the powerplant. Generally, naturally aspirated engines run narrower lobe separation angles of around 106 to 108 whereas supercharged, turbo or nitrous engines operate with 112 to 114 and higher. Average power was also down, but the engine pulled ahead of the 101 cam at 5,400 rpm, picking up 6.5 hp at peak. It also depends on displacement, some guys will run a bigger cam and widen the LCA to give a better idle but in my opinion it kills power. Good luck. A forum community dedicated to Ford performance owners and enthusiasts. Lobe Separation Angle, or LSA, is the number of degrees that separate the peak lift points of the cam's intake and exhaust lobes. 4-linked72, what cam are you using that has a 108 LSA? It made 472.4 lb-ft at peak, a 21.5lb-ft disparity from the 101 cam. It produces peak torque earliercoming on quicker and strongerbut also it falls off quicker too. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. All testing was performed with an Aeromotive fuel pump feeding a set of 42-lb/hr injectors. . THis is a real generalization, but the weaker your heads, the more you will like the smaller centers ( 106-108) the better the heads, and the higher the compression, the more it will like the wider centers ( 112-114)everything else falls somewhere in the middle( 108-110) Once you get close with the cam centerlines, it wont make much differance if you change it up or down by 2 degrees. 110 LSA: But, contrarily, at 110 LSA, you dont have to face the problem of engine knocking.