Early 20th-century geographers such as Richard Hartshorne didn't miss the fact that the Balkans (southeastern Europe) were a perpetual powderkeg. The company currently has only one supplier for a particular type of faucet. Siberia (/sabri/ sy-BEER-ee-; Russian: , tr. The climate of Siberia varies dramatically, but it typically has short summers and long, brutally cold winters. He said that the neighbouring Chinese, Turks, and Mongolians, who have similar names for the region, would not have known Russian. [94] Of the indigenous Siberians, the Mongol-speaking Buryats, numbering approximately 500,000, are the most numerous group in Siberia, and they are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the Buryat Republic. 3 - Blue=Moldova. Novosibirsk is the largest by population and the most important city for the Siberian economy; with an extra boost since 2000 when it was designated a regional center for the executive bureaucracy (Siberian Federal District). & Adams J.M. The region is akin to a turning kaleidoscope: same pieces, new designs. The most populous city of Siberia, as well as the third most populous city of Russia, is the city of Novosibirsk. See Yakut reindeer herders travel with their sleds, through the Siberian forests, View the yearly migration of the Sakha (Yakut) herdsmen and their reindeers through the forests of Siberia, This article was most recently revised and updated by, Siberia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). What is a shatterbelt? -Shatterbelts are absent from Latin America, southern Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and Oceania. At least two global rivals have strong diplomatic and even military presences in the region. Other historic cities of Siberia include Tobolsk (the first capital and the only kremlin in Siberia), Tomsk (formerly a wealthy merchant's town) and Irkutsk (former seat of Eastern Siberia's governor general, near lake Baikal). - shatter belts are geographical boundaries where tensions often explode based on cultural boundaries. It is also found between nations that are quite powerful. Farther east the basin of the Lena River separates central Siberia from the complex series of mountain ranges, upland massifs, and intervening basins that make up northeastern Siberia (i.e., the Russian Far East). In all of these regions major world powers versus . Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. The Russian Army was directed to establish forts farther and farther east to protect new Russian settlers who migrated from Europe. It geographically falls in Asia, but is culturally and politically considered European, since it is a part of Russia. On the north coast, north of the Arctic Circle, there is a very short (about one month long) summer. Balkan Peninsula. which of the following is an example of a shatterbelt region? dry steppe. The various groups belonged to different linguistic stocks: Turkic (Sakha, Siberian Tatars), Manchu-Tungus (Evenk [Evenki], Even), Finno-Ugric (Khanty, Mansi), and Mongolic (Buryat), among others. [87] Now Khabarovsk has the world's largest indoor arena specifically built for bandy, Arena Yerofey. It has some of the world's largest deposits of nickel, gold, lead, coal, molybdenum, gypsum, diamonds, diopside, silver and zinc, as well as extensive unexploited resources of oil and natural gas. [34] Between 1859 and 1917 more than half a million people migrated to the Russian Far East. [38] According to semi-official Soviet estimates, which did not become public until after the fall of the Soviet government in 1991, from 1929 to 1953 more than 14million people passed through these camps and prisons, many of them in Siberia. According to the Russian Census of 2010, the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts, located entirely east of the Ural Mountains, together have a population of about 25.6million. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 220-180 B.C. [78] Russia contains about 40% of the world's known resources of nickel at the Norilsk deposit in Siberia. Evidence of Paleolithic settlement is abundant in southern Siberia, which, after participating in the Bronze Age, came under Chinese (from 1000 bce) and then under Turkic-Mongol (3rd century bce) influence. The paper is focussing primarily on the European Shatter Belt, formerly known as 'Eastern Europe'. Which of the following areas is considered a shatterbelt? Gerardus Mercator, in a map published in 1595, marks Sibier both as the name of a settlement and of the surrounding territory along a left tributary of the Ob. The following are the four major global geopolitical forces that actively interfere in shatterbelts: The following are regional powers that are actively involved in shatterbelts, Iran, Turkey, Israel, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia. This an example of a(n) A) shatterbelt. J.-C. environ)", "Belt Plaque with a Bear Hunt. Anatole Baikaloff has dismissed this explanation. Largely Catholic and Jewish in religion, the new immigrants came from the Balkans, Italy, Poland, and Russia. Because of the 1967 war, Jordan was the only Arab nation to make peace with Israel. Eastern Europe. [48][49] With a reliable growing season, an abundance of sunshine and exceedingly fertile chernozem soils, southern Siberia is good enough for profitable agriculture, as was demonstrated in the early 20th century. Certain countries seem to be at the core of their respective shatterbelts, with particularly intractable ethnoreligious rivalries. Will you pass the quiz? Post-Cold War episodes of violence included major and minor wars (e.g., Chechnya, Daghestan, South Ossetia); the current central conflict is between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. [30] Other sources[which?] (True or False) Central America and Southeast Asia are active shatterbelts. There are records of Siberian tribal healing practices dating back to the 13th century. It is therefore a shatterbelt region. Indeed, the Middle East lies on the world's largest "shatter belt" - an area described felicitously by American geographer Saul Cohen as the region of contact between the world's great sea and land powers. It is called the shatterbelt because it is a zone of persistent splintering and fracturing. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. Slavic-origin Russians outnumber all of the indigenous peoples combined, except in the Republics of Tuva and Sakha. The country/port of Djibouti currently hosts military bases from rival countries such as the US and China. There are also other groups of indigenous Siberian and non-indigenous ethnic origin. For example, the Balkans buffered Christian Europe and the Muslim world (Ottoman Empire) for over 500 years. Geographically, this definition includes subdivisions of several other subjects of Urals and Far Eastern federal districts, but they are not included administratively. By far the most commonly occurring climate in Siberia is continental subarctic (Koppen Dfc or Dwc), with the annual average temperature about 5C (23F) and an average for January of 25C (13F) and an average for July of +17C (63F),[50] although this varies considerably, with a July average about 10C (50F) in the taigatundra ecotone. For other uses, see. Siberia spans an area of 13.1million square kilometres (5,100,000sqmi), covering the vast majority of Russia's total territory, and almost 9% of Earth's land surface (148,940,000km2, 57,510,000sqmi). Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. to be the largest known volcanic eruption in Earth's history. Examining the countries shown in white on the map of the former Yugoslavia, which of the following explains why the area would be referred to as a shatterbelt region? Siberia is a region in Russia. [32][33], The first great modern change in Siberia was the Trans-Siberian Railway, constructed during 18911916. The climate in this southernmost part is humid continental climate (Kppen Dfb) with cold winters but fairly warm summers lasting at least four months. Though all but Iran are broadly aligned with the West, they have different ethnic, religious, economic, and strategic concerns and contribute substantially to instability in shatterbelts. It also reveals the architecture upon which all security issues in the region have and, for the foreseeable future, will depend. Specimens of Goldfuss cave lion cubs, Yuka the mammoth and another woolly mammoth from Oymyakon, a woolly rhinoceros from the Kolyma, and bison and horses from Yukagir have been found. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Siberia can be reached through the Trans-Siberian Railway. Based on historical data, the company has assessed the following probability distribution for the proportion of defective faucets it receives from this supplier: This supplier charges Rossmore Brothers, Inc., 29.00perunitforthisfaucet.Althoughthesupplierwillreplaceanydefectsfreeofcharge,Rossmoremanagersfigurethecostofdealingwiththedefectsisabout29.00 per unit for this faucet. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Geostrategic locations: these regions straddle globally critical trade routes, meaning if conflict happens, the world economy can be harmed by the choking off flows of goods and people (. Other sources may use either a somewhat wider definition that states the Pacific coast, not the watershed, is the eastern boundary (thus including the whole Russian Far East), as well as all Northern Kazakhstan is its subregion in the south-west[2] or a somewhat narrower one that limits Siberia to the Siberian Federal District (thus excluding all subjects of other districts). -Multiple ethnic groups are present in each country, -It is a border area between Turkey and Iran, both of which are regional powers, -Some ethnic groups are found in two countries (Georgians in Russia and Georgia), -Russians (R) are found widely within areas of other ethnic groups inside and outside Russia, -Kurds are found in at least four countries. Please help me please tell me the Coordinates for each question!! Soviet-era sources (Great Soviet Encyclopedia and others)[4] and modern Russian ones[73] usually define Siberia as a region extending eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of both Mongolia and China. one with no clear answer, and what is a 'Siberian', one of self-identification.[76]. The largest ethnic group in Siberia is Slavic-origin Russians, including their sub-ethnic group Siberians, and russified Ukrainians. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Many of the countries in this region were former Soviet republics. Siberia falls into four major geographic regions, all of great extent. Shatterbelt regions are areas where the persistent splintering and fracturing happens and major powers compete for the influence. the political term used when referring to the fragmentation or breakup of a region or country into smaller regions or countries. In 2007 Kemerovo got Russia's first indoor arena specifically built for bandy. Russia's third most popular sport, bandy,[84] is important in Siberia. Find out more on NATO at brainly.com/question/4273334. The understanding, and association of "Siberia" have gradually changed during the ages. [22] Ancient DNA analysis has revealed that the oldest fossil known to carry the derived KITLG allele, which is responsible for blond hair in modern Europeans, is a 17,000 year old Ancient North Eurasian specimen from Siberia. Another seven to eight million people were internally deported to remote areas of the Soviet Union (including entire nationalities or ethnicities in several cases). It is made up of the central and eastern portions of Russia and it encompasses the area from the Ural Mountains east to the Pacific Ocean.It also extends from the Arctic Ocean south to northern Kazakhstan and the borders of Mongolia and China.In total Siberia covers 5.1 million square miles (13.1 million sq km) or 77% of Russia's . When conflict breaks out and spreads, it is more intense, with more episodes of ethnic cleansing and genocide, than in non-shatterbelt areas. Oymyakon is a village which recorded a temperature of 67.7C (89.9F) on 6 February 1933. The West Siberian Plain, consisting mostly of Cenozoic alluvial deposits, is somewhat flat. Around a century ago, geographers began to think the "shattering" of peace in these places, and indeed in entire regions they called "belts," was an innate characteristic. Siberia extends from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the borders of Mongolia and China. This led to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914, the spark igniting the "Great War," the "War to End all Wars," the bloodiest conflict the world had ever known: World War I. Heartland Theory Rimland Theory Choke points are geostrategic locations that are often found within shatterbelts, (True or False) States with a lot of cultural diversity are weak and prone to shattering. Explain your reasoning. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Some sources say that "Siberia" originates from the Siberian Tatar word for "sleeping land" (Sib ir). C) China. Nicholas B. Breyfogle, Abby Schrader and Willard Sunderland (eds), This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 01:58. Sketch the approximate box-andwhisker display for the resulting data. Exile was the main Russian punitive practice with more than 800,000 people exiled during the nineteenth century. In time for the 2020 World Championship, an indoor arena will be ready for use in Irkutsk. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. France, the US, and Russia are all involved. The climate in West Siberia (Omsk, or Novosibirsk) is several degrees warmer than in the East (Irkutsk, or Chita) where in the north an extreme winter subarctic climate (Kppen Dfd or Dwd) prevails. B) periphery. Foreign countries send military aid, impose sanctions, and pay for reconstruction. It is exceptionally rich in minerals, containing large deposits of gold, diamonds, and ores of manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum. The late 1950s and 60s saw major industrial development take place, notably the opening up of large oil and natural gas fields in western Siberia and the construction of giant hydroelectric stations at locations along the Angara, Yenisey, and Ob rivers. [2] It has been a part of Russia since the latter half of the 16th century, after the Russians conquered lands east of the Ural Mountains. What is a shatterbelt? Southeastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula are the best examples of shatterbelts. the process of converting government-owned businesses to private ownership. Eastern Europe is a shatterbelt because it contains numerous impoverished, underdeveloped, and weak states sandwiched between the powerful global rivals of Russia and the West (western Europe and the US). The highest point in Siberia is the active volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka, on the Kamchatka Peninsula. - attracts interests of world powers. [88] It was venue for Division A of the 2018 World Championship. Oil is the primary natural resource of global importance; freshwater is the most important local resource. Wiki User. -The Balkans are partly classified as a shatterbelt, but the bulk of their area is now within NATO, -The map scale used does not permit an accurate visual assessment of relative land areas of each shatterbelt or outside players. The volcanic event is said[by whom?] Wikivoyage Wikipedia Photo: Efenstor, CC0. Methane is a greenhouse gas 22 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. [82], In 2020 the gross regional product of Siberia was 26.7trillion or around US$400 billion.[83]. Corrections? It forms its own sovereign nation-state predominately made up of the Irish ethnic group. [42] Major industrial cities of Northern Siberia, such as Norilsk and Magadan, developed from camps built by prisoners and run by former prisoners.[43]. Political geographers coined this term to evoke fragility. What amount is 6212%62 \frac{1}{2} \%6221% smaller than $88\$ 88$88 ? Stroganina is a raw fish dish of the indigenous people of northern Arctic Siberia made from raw, thin, long-sliced frozen fish. temperate steppe Eastern Europe. The best-known clusters included Sevvostlag (the North-East Camps) along the Kolyma and Norillag near Norilsk, where 69,000 prisoners lived in 1952. After the Qaddafi regime of Libya was removed by NATO in 2011, the Sahara and Sahel, already a zone of weak states and inter-ethnic hostilities, collapsed into chaos, with multiple coups d'etat, the Boko Haram terrorist war in northern Nigeria, and the increasing influence of al Qaeda-and ISIS-linked violence in formerly calm countries such as Burkina Faso. The region itself, an ethnic and cultural shatterbelt, where the Cold War was hot and where revolutionary struggles ended decades of colonialism, should excite our interest. for only $11.00 $9.35/page. The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia", "Meet this extinct cave lion, at least 10,000years old world exclusive", "Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics", DNA identifies new ancient human dubbed 'X-woman', "Jomon Culture and the peopling of the Japanese archipelago: advancements in the fields of morphometrics and ancient DNA", "A Genetic Chronicle of the First Peoples in the Americas", "Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians", Asia ex magna Orbis terrae descriptione Gerardi Mercatoris desumpta, studio & industria G.M. Photo Gallery.Birds of Siberia", "Black-billed Capercaillie (Tetrao urogalloides). The shatterbelt is a region of the earth that stretches from [96] Other ethnic groups indigenous to Siberia include Kets, Evenks, Chukchis, Koryaks, Yupiks, and Yukaghirs. [6] Major geographical zones within Siberia include the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau. - Eastern European states found themselves literally and figuratively between the democratic West and the communist Soviet Union, explain the caucusus mountains shatterbelt, - Following the fall of the Soviet Union, ethnically defined territories pushed for autonomy and to claim more territory, a region caught between stronger coiding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals. A region that historically is caught between stronger colliding external forces. The construction of the BAM (Baikal-Amur Magistral) railroad between Ust-Kut, on the Lena River, and Komsomolsk-na-Amure, on the Amur, a distance of 2,000 miles (3,200 km), was completed in 1980. Fig. [99] The Siberian Federal District alone has an estimation of 250,000 Muslims. a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals. Siberia is vast and sparsely populated, covering an area of over 13.1million square kilometres (5,100,000sqmi), but home to merely one-fifth of Russia's population. and also between ethnic Slavs ("protected" by Russia, such as Serbs) and non-Slavs (Greeks, Albanians, etc.). The business-oriented website and blog Business Insider lists Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, in Siberia's Sakha Republic, as being in competition for the title of the Northern Hemisphere's Pole of Cold. It is also found between nations that are quite powerful. [2][4] The central part of Siberia (West and East Siberian economic regions) was considered the core part of the region in the Soviet Union. It is also a zone where various religions and ethnicities mix. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Afghanistan is the focus of attention here; 2021 saw its re-conquest by the Taliban after the US withdrew, and it is hard to know what this will mean for long-term stability. And wha Study now. [47]:228 A regional geologic reconnaissance study begun in 1932 and followed by surface and subsurface mapping revealed the Markova-Angara Arch (anticline). The origin of the name is unknown. How is due process addressed in the Constitution? Elsewhere food production, owing to the poor fertility of the podzolic soils and the extremely short growing seasons, is restricted to the herding of reindeer in the tundrawhich has been practiced by natives for over 10,000 years. tundra Heartland contained Eastern European Steppe (productive area of grain cultivation) and Siberian Taiga Forest (minerals . a. [47]:244 The Yaraktin Oil Field was discovered in 1971, producing from the Vendian Yaraktin Horizon at depths of up to 1,750 metres (5,740ft), which lies below Permian to Lower Jurassic basalt traps. In the winter, southern Siberia sits near the center of the semi-permanent Siberian High, so winds are usually light in the winter. Siberia is the region making up nearly all of Northern Asia. Global rivals such as the US and Russia state the need to "protect" groups in the region that share their cultural identity or desired form of government. A. northern indigenous people. They are continually exacerbated by outside powers seeking strategic advantages and resource access. [26] The proto-Mongol Khitan people also occupied parts of the region. Land Also referred to as the Balkans, the Balkan Peninsula is a geographical and cultural region in the southeastern part of Europe.The region is named after the Balkan Mountains that stretch for about 557km from the boundary between Bulgaria and Serbia to Cape Emine on the Black Sea coast. During World War II, because of the evacuation of many factories from the western portions of the Soviet Union, Siberia (together with the Urals) became the industrial backbone of the Soviet war effort for a few years. Historically, Siberia was defined as the whole part of Russia and North Kazakhstan to the east of Ural Mountains, including the Russian Far East. Decide whether each of the following statements makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. J.-C.-100 apr. Other rivalries are based on using the Nile River (Ethiopia and Sudan) and between pastoralists and farmers. The Berlin Wall fell in 1989, but people in the former East and West Germany still feel its influence. Weak and often recently-formed states; governments are ineffective and national unity hasn't been achieved. They are the least economically developed countries in Europe, and ethnoreligious hatred between Serbs and Muslims has not diminished, particularly in Kosovo. [85][86] Two or three more teams (depending on the definition of Siberia) play in the Super League, the 201617 champions SKA-Neftyanik from Khabarovsk as well as Kuzbass from Kemerovo and Sibselmash from Novosibirsk. It is a large, remote region with an unusually harsh environment that is rich in a variety of natural resources. In the 201516 Russian Bandy Super League season Yenisey from Krasnoyarsk became champions for the third year in a row by beating Baykal-Energiya from Irkutsk in the final. This region has been a shatterbelt since at least 500 years, due to . Precipitation is high also in most of Primorye in the extreme south, where monsoonal influences can produce quite heavy summer rainfall. How are choke points and shatterbelts related? Siberia. Autonomous republics. The Lena-Tunguska petroleum province includes the Central Siberian platform (some authors refer to it as the "Eastern Siberian platform"), bounded on the northeast and east by the Late Carboniferous through Jurassic Verkhoyansk foldbelt, on the northwest by the Paleozoic Taymr foldbelt, and on the southeast, south and southwest by the Middle Silurian to Middle Devonian Baykalian foldbelt. [37], In the early decades of the Soviet Union (especially in the 1930s and 1940s), the government used the Gulag state agency to administer a system of penal labour camps, replacing the previous katorga system. In addition, Eastern Europe straddles major transport routes for energy and other vital necessities for western Europe. During the Russian Civil War (191820) an anti-Bolshevik government headed by Adm. Aleksandr Kolchak held much of Siberia until 1920; virtually all of Siberia was reincorporated into the new Soviet state by 1922, however. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. What is the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Photo Gallery.Birds of Siberia", "Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus). See answer (1) Best Answer. d- the northern polar region has the same international treaties that govern land use and resources in antarctica . The commonness and differences of Caucasus shatterbelts and Eastern Europeans are compared below: Explanation: The Eastern European Shatterbelt, in general, refers to ex-Communist countries. False. A shatter belt region is a state or group of states that exists within a sphere of competition between . What does this mean for a human? First, groups of traders and Cossacks began to enter the area. Later Russian agricultural colonists arrived to feed the local Russian administrative personnel. Wiki User. [95] According to the 2010 census there were 478,085 indigenous Turkic-speaking Yakuts. Traditionally in Russia's sphere, Ukraine has moved politically and culturally westward as membership in the NATO alliance has moved eastward from Western Europe, threatening Russia's sphere of influence. what type of boundaries do shatterbelts concern? The nature reserve park also conducts climatic research on the changes expected from the reintroduction of grazing animals or large herbivores, hypothesizing that a transition from tundra to grassland would lead to a net change in energy emission to absorption ratios.[56]. Present-day Novosibirsk is an important business, science, manufacturing and cultural center of the Asian part of Russia. Beyond the core, Siberia's western part includes some territories of the Ural region, and the far eastern part has been historically called the Russian Far East. The term comes from the Balkan wars, where the country of Yugoslavia was broken up in to 8 countries. - shatter belt regions are often blamed for a large proportion of interstate conflict, explain how east asia qualifies as a shatterbelt, - because of U.S. occupation in the area after World War || and subsequent alliances with South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan, explain how southeast asia qualifies as a shatter belt, - because of British and French colonies The location, bounded . The Sea of Okhotsk is one of the two or three richest fisheries in the world owing to its cold currents and very large tidal ranges, and thus Siberia produces over 10% of the world's annual fish catch, although fishing has declined somewhat since the collapse of the USSR in 1991. [31] Siberia became one of the destinations for sending internal exiles. The mineral resources of Siberia are enormous; particularly notable are its deposits of coal, petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, iron ore, and gold. [41] The size, scope, and scale of the Gulag slave-labour camps remain subjects of much research and debate. Photo Gallery.Birds of Siberia", "Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta). In the mid-Pleistocene, many deposits on this plain resulted from ice dams which produced a large glacial lake. Siberia, Russian Sibir, vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan, constituting all of northern Asia. A shatter belt region is a state or group of states that exists within a sphere of competition between . The term 'Balkan' has been derived from a Turkish word that refers to a "chain of . Fig. [36], At 7:15a.m. on 30 June 1908 the Tunguska Event felled millions of trees near the Podkamennaya Tunguska (Stony Tunguska) in central Siberia. The Balkans region of southeastern Europe is a shatterbelt where Slavic ethnicities clash with non-Slavic ethnicities, Roman Catholics with Eastern Orthodox, and Muslims with Christians. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Its administrative center was the city of Chita. Verkhoyansk, a town further north and further inland, recorded a temperature of 69.8C (93.6F) for three consecutive nights: 5, 6 and 7 February 1933. Norilsk Nickel is the world's biggest nickel and palladium producer. a conflict OF IDEAS that was between the US and the Soviet Union. He suggests that the name might be a combination of two words with Turkic origin, "su" (water) and "bir" (wild land). Indicate with an X in which columns, Income Statement Debit or Credit or Balance Sheet Debit or Credit, a net income or a net loss would appear on a work sheet. [46] Soils here are mainly turbels, giving way to spodosols where the active layer becomes thicker and the ice-content lower. Even though no crater has ever been found, the landscape in the (sparsely inhabited) area still bears the scars of this event. [53] In 2008 a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the atmosphere above the Siberian Arctic, likely the result of methane clathrates being released through holes in a frozen "lid" of seabed permafrost around the outfall of the Lena and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.