A few escapees eluded capture for many years. With Short's defeat in the 1956 election, the fort lost its legislative patron and was deactivated again in 1958. Copyright 2017 Vernon County Historical Society - All Rights Reserved. Because the branch camps were often short-lived, and some records have been lost or destroyed in the sixty years that have since gone by, it is likely that a couple have been omitted. 6 0 obj As noted by Humanities Texas,methods of escape were as varied as reasons for trying and were occasionally quite inventive. Jeremy P. Amick mi. e-mail "During one of my uncle's visits back to Alton, he asked his mother for an aluminum pie pan," McDowell said. Sign up for our newsletter to keep reading. endobj POW and ISU Camps and Hospitals in US. This was not seen as a standing thing., The government realized early on that these men were not a threat of escape or destruction or other nefarious deeds, Fiedler said. As Fiedler put it: Who wanted to rush back into the war? The Enemy Among Us: POW's in Missouri during World War II Hardcover - Illustrated, December 15, 2010 by David W. Fiedler (Author) 48 ratings See all formats and editions Hardcover $29.95 12 Used from $13.29 2 New from $25.00 During World War II, more than fifteen thousand German and Italian soldiers came to Missouri. Opened in 1943, a segregation camp from 1944. Indeed, in correspondence, one POW described his camp as a "goldener Kafig," or golden cage, while another wrote home to say imprisonment was like a "rest-cure. Missouri figured into this equation, housing some 15,000 prisoners of war from Germany and Italy inside state lines. During the 1970sthe Rev. The camps were located all over the US, but were mostly in the South, due to the higher expense of heating the barracks in colder areas. The post is also notable as the birthplace of landmark LabVIEW programmer Michael Porter. According to Smithsonian Magazine, in 1942, as Great Britain was running out of places to hold Axis prisoners, the U.S. began work on creating its own network of POW camps. Levin and Straussberg were among the 420,000 German and Italian prisoners of war who spent part of World War II under guard in the United States. German POWs march into the mess hall at their small work camp on the Hellwig Brothers Farm on Gumbo Flats, the Missouri River bottomland now called Chesterfield Valley, in March 1945. The case was crafted by an Italian prisoner of war held at Camp Weingarten south of St. Louis. Straussberg added an apology to his keepers for causing the trouble of looking for us.. Around Geneseo. Located where the present day Cleburne Conference center is located in the 1500 block of West Henderson(business HWY 67), Housed German POWs from the Afrika Korps after their defeat in North Africa. Her research led her to Arnold Krammer, who ended up writing a tell-all book with Gaertner. Post-Dispatch file photo, Two German POWs watch the film of Nazi atrocities during a mandatory assembly at their camp at Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri. The Factory also created Der Ruf, a German-language newsletter, "written by German POWs for German POWs." A few Italian prisoners even worked in the St. Louis Ordnance Depot on North Broadway, handling nonexplosive freight after their country switched sides in the war. PublishedDecember 8, 2016 at 3:26 PM CST, Credit Kelly Moffitt | St. Louis Public Radio. Located between Olympia and Tacoma, Washington. The base's movie theatre was disassembled and reassembled on the campus of what is today the University of Missouri Kansas City where it was the University of Kansas City Playhouse until being torn down for a new theatre. Each man had food and a change of clothing. Camp Clark was established in 1908 and was used as an assembly point for troops serving in Central America, in the Mexican border war, and in World War I. stream For one thing, they were needed to help rebuild European infrastructure. {/[I:{ tBcn{ FG}{ Little remains of the once sprawling POW camp located approximately 90 miles south of St. Louis, with the exception of a stone fireplace that was part of the Officer's Club. Access Conditions . This book concentrates on the Missouri camps - main camps and satellite work camps - and their German and Italian captives. in Newton and McDonald counties. Working POWs earned 80 cents per day, and sometimes could buy beer at prison canteens. About 15,000 German and Italian prisoners of war spent part of World War II under guard at 30 camps scattered across Missouri. <> In Southern POW camps, some facilities were segregated by race, and Black servicemen were given the worst jobs. ", When the first wave of POWs from Germany's elite Afrika Korps arrived in Mexia, Texas, the townspeople were dumbstruck, according toHumanities Texas. With a weekly newsletter looking back at local history. In the mid-1980s, the remaining parcels of the former post were transferred to the Missouri Department of Conservation for wildlife management and outdoor recreation, the Neosho R-5 public school district for agriculture instructional farm, and the Missouri National Guard to operate a military training facility under license from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on 4,358.09 acres (18km2). A fairly, easy cooperative relationship grew up over time to the point friendships existed, to be sure.. Salvatore E. Polizzi had become a national figure for his work in The Hill neighborhood of St. Louis. Germany's "Great Escape" was from a 200 feet (61m) tunnel by 25 prisoners on 24 December 1944. The following October, the former POW camp was closed and many of the buildings were dismantled, shipped and reassembled as housing for student veterans at colleges and universities throughout the United States. endobj In 1893, inventor Nikola Tesla first publicly demonstrated radio during a meeting of the National Electric Light Association in St. Louis by t. 1. They made it 10 miles south to the Meramec River, but farmers saw them and called the Highway Patrol. endobj The POW Camps in Missouri during World War II included: Clark (Camp), Nevada, Vernon County, MO (base camp) Crowder (Camp Enoch), Neosho, Newton County, MO (base camp) Weingarten (Camp), Sainte Genevieve County, MO (base camp) Wood (Fort Leonard), Pulaski County, Missouri (base camp) Enemy alien internment camp: There were also few wholesale escape attempts made by prisoners of war in Missouri. In the United States at the end of World War II, there were prisoner-of-war camps, including 175 Branch Camps serving 511 Area Camps containing over 425,000 prisoners of war (mostly German). In the years after the war, McDowell said, her mother kept the cigarette case tucked away in a chest of drawers but since both of her parents have passed, she now believes the historical item should be on display in a museum. 300 POWs from Camp McCoy arrived at the Calumet County Fairgrounds in June, 1945. The author further explained, (T)he camp was enlarged to the point that some 5,800 POWs could be held there, and approximately 380 buildings of all types would be constructed on an expanded 950-acre site.. The case was crafted by an Italian prisoner of war held at Camp Weingarten south of St. Louis. Despite the challenges of overseeing the internment of former enemy soldiers, the camp experienced few security incidents and conditions remained rather cordial, in part due to the sustenance given the prisoners. Sited on the abandoned Civilian Conservation Corps camp about 1.6 miles east of the Stark Covered Bridge in Stark, Coos County. American commanders said it couldn't happen. There are military artifacts from the Civil War onward, including uniforms, armament, letters, medals, and memorabilia of all types. From July to December 1945, 450 German POWs were housed in the Sheboygan County Asylum, which was built in 1878 and abandoned in 1940 when a new facility was completed. Click here to learn more or join our conversation. POWs mounted theatrical productions and played concerts. Prisoners of War were not confined solely to the upkeep of their own numbers: many were put to work in the service of U.S. military operations at the camps themselves. Incidents like Black soldiers being forced to dispose of the POWs' human waste and POWs refusing to follow instructions from Black work supervisors infuriated Black servicemen. Most of these POWs were transferred from Camp Roswell, which was a base or main POW camp for New Mexico. This page was last edited on 25 December 2022, at 21:03. Some even "started to enjoy the novelty.". The facility constructed and tested engines for the Mercury and Gemini programs until its contract ended in 1968. President Harry Truman ordered them sent back to Europe "to whichever country wanted them. ",#(7),01444'9=82. Little remains of the once sprawling POW camp located approximately 90 miles south of St. Louis, with the exception of a stone fireplace that was part of the Officers Club. In New England, they harvested peas, cabbage, and apples. POW Camp, Co.1, Tooele (original postage). The remainder of the land was given to various public and private entities which uses now include a municipal airport, industrial parks, industrial waste treatment facility operations, regional landfill, underground fuel storage, burn pits and lagoons. In 2010, local author and researcher David Fiedler wrote a book about this very history titled The Enemy Among Us: POWs in Missouri During World War II. After years of copious research, gathering first-hand accounts, government files and newspaper clippings, he detailed the life POWs led in the some 30 camps that were spread across the state. Camp Ritchie also served as a U.S. Army Training Camp from WWII until it was closed under BRAC during the 1990s to the early 2000s. Copyright 2023, News Tribune Publishing. Returning to Germany would just be going from a Nazi dictatorship to a Russian dictatorship, Levin wrote in German. Im baffled., Suspect charged in fatal shooting in downtown St. Louis, Former Sweetie Pies TV star Tim Norman gets two life sentences in nephews death, Cardinals manager Oliver Marmol slams ump C.B. The last German POWs didnt head home until 1946. <>/F 4/A<>>> [1] As it was constructed, it was re-designated as a U.S. Army Signal Corps replacement training center, an Army Service Forces training center and an officer candidate preparatory school, the first of its kind at any military installation. All buildings but one have been demolished. A few concrete ammunition bunkers are the last remnants of the POW camp. You can also listen to this Radiolab piece called Nazi Summer Camp, about prisoners of war in Idaho, or read this Smithsonian article about the nationwide POW movement. Groundwater and soil contamination has been identified in various areas of the base's original property boundaries. 330 German POWs lived in a tent city around the Louis Glunz dance hall and worked on farms and in area canneries during the 1945 harvest. Prisoners wore rejected GI garb marked with PW.. After the war was over, prisoners of war were not allowed to stay in the United States. As author David Fiedler explained in his book "The Enemy Among Us: POWs in Missouri During World War II," the state was once home to more than 15,000 German and Italian prisoners of war (POW). People didnt get in the car and drive 75 miles: it was a locally-focused world. Many of the camps where they were held have faded into distant memory as little evidence remains of their existence; however, one local resident has a relic from a former POW camp that provides an enduring connection to the service of a departed relative. The Army selected the Neosho site for the post . Cook, Williamsburg R.; Daniel J. Schultz (2004). Genevieve. Back at camp, fellow POWs hailed them as heroes. Not only did POWs dine well, they took college courses, set up libraries, and formed orchestras and soccer leagues. Kansas City-Area Camps. Short tried to have it designated a permanent home for the Army's military police training school. Originally, when the government agreed to bring them here, they were concerned about security, Fiedler said. Kelly Moffitt joined St. Louis Public Radio in 2015 as an online producer for St. Louis Public Radio's talk shows St. Louis on the Air. This document may not be reprinted without the express written permission of News Tribune Publishing. Post-Dispatch file photo, The main avenue at Camp Weingarten lined by small barracks buildings in June 1943. Detention records maintained by Sesenna show he departed Canada on December 3, 1942, and was with the first group of Italian POWs to arrive at Camp Clark near Nevada, Missouri, nine days later. Now Tampa International Airport and Drew Park. Last chance! They werent cooperative, they were defiant and intended to cause trouble any way they could, Fiedler said. The camp was named for General Harvey C Clark, Missouri's adjutant general and commander of Missouri's National Guard. Photo by Buel White of the Post-Dispatch. Union leaders protested the use of POWs at a quarry near Pevely. The Army selected the Neosho site for the post due to its proximity to water, a cross roads to two major railroads (Kansas City Southern and the Frisco railroads), and two major U.S. highways (US 71 running north-south and US 60 and US 66, running east-west). Jeremy P. Amick writes on behalf of the Silver Star Families of America. Over 3000 German POWs were interned at Billy Mitchell Field airport (known today as Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport (MKE)) from January 1945 to April 1946. The complex, serviced by a spur of the Kansas City Southern Railroad, included a main manufacturing facility, an engine testing area (ETA) for the live fire testing of rocket engines, a component testing area (CTA), and a former Camp Crowder warehouse, Building 900, as a warehouse and later engine overhaul and manufacturing. Post-Dispatch file photo, The chow line on a boat camp at St. Louis in 1945. Formerly located on the south-east corner of East 120th St. and South Walnut Ave. 2.5 miles east of Grant. <> May 7, 2018 at 12:00 a.m. Coal mining was prominent in the late 1870s to the 1950s. aka: POW Camps (World War II) During World War II, the United States established many prisoner of war (POW) camps on its soil for the first time since the Civil War. 300 German POWs were interned at the Fond du Lac County Fairgrounds from June to August 1944 while they harvested peas on local farms and worked in canneries. In 1942, the camp was reopened as a prisoner-of-war camp to house Italian and German prisoners. A 120 feet (37m) nearly completed escape tunnel was discovered by authorities. The positive treatment they experienced here, another way we promoted that was a way to say these are people who will go back and reestablish society in Europe and have an opinion on the United States and we want that to be good, Fiedler said. Camps in the St. Louis area included Gumbo Flats in the Chesterfield Valley, Jefferson Barracks, riverboats, and an Ordinance Depot in Baden. All Rights Reserved. Missouri figured into this equation, housing some 15,000 prisoners of war from Germany and Italy inside state lines. endobj The prison camps were identical to housing areas that our own troops occupied.. Taylor and his fellow soldiers, most of whom were assigned to military police companies, maintained a busy schedule of guarding the prisoners held in the camp, but also received opportunities to take leave from their duties and visit their loved ones back home. Kurt Rossmeisl escaped on 4 August 1945 and surrendered in 1959. In the early 1950s, local congressman Dewey Jackson Short, (R-7th District of Missouri) senior member of the House Armed Services Committee secured authorization and initial funding to build two permanent barracks and a disciplinary barracks and reactivate the post as a permanent installation, Fort Crowder. Post-Dispatch file photo, A German POW on a boat camp in St. Louis relaxes and reads on his bunk. Sixteen of the men were killed or died as a result of an accident on 31 October 1945. <>/Metadata 855 0 R/ViewerPreferences 856 0 R>> They worked as lumberjacks, mechanics, sign painters, tailors, and in hundreds of other positions, according to History of Prisoner of War Utilization by the United States Army 1776 to 1945. The camp was just east of the village of Weingarten, on Missouri Highway 32, west of Ste. 6U z*&`873 hkg7*I|dx^EY?IF$zwUJH!/V>H>is&n /t; See. In Texas, according to Humanities Texas, some residents feared having Nazis nearby and, worried about escapes, locked their doors and cautioned their daughters. Established at Weingarten, a sleepy little town on State Highway 32 between Ste. You have permission to edit this article. As the NKPA retreated farther north, they were forced to evacuate their prisoners with them. Photo by Buel White of the Post-Dispatch, One of two boats, known as "boat camps," moored in the St. Louis area to house prisoners of war who worked on levees and other river projects. Eventually, every state (with the exceptions of Nevada, North Dakota, and Vermont) had at least one POW camp. See the World War II POW camps near St. Louis. Levin, 31, and Straussberg, 23, resolved to skedaddle. Fielder said that, by and large, the prisoners of war coexisted positively with their American neighbors. Missouri had four POW camps,. Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. #"8_Bh ?hpUZ) "His hometown really wasn't all that far from Camp Weingarten.". Fort Crowder was a U.S. Army post located in Newton and McDonald counties in southwest Missouri, constructed and used during World War II. POW Fritz Ensslin noted in a letter (via The Fallen Foe) that at his Missouri camp a "cabaret theater and even a dance group consisting of 12 'girls' trained by a ballet master" gave performances that were regularly attended by American officers. Here are some rare photos that show what living in the state of Missouri during this time looked like. Prisoners of war did basic farm work such as harvesting corn or potatoes. Seriously underwater., Neman: Missouri womans saga of trying to find common sense at Walmart, I can still hear the roaring of the engine, says father of teen maimed in downtown St. Louis. | The road is in an area called the POW Camp Recreation Area in the De Soto National Forest. Carl Reiner was stationed at Camp Crowder in the 1940s and when he created the 1960s-era The Dick Van Dyke Show, he made the post the setting where Rob and Laura Petrie, portrayed by actors Dick Van Dyke and Mary Tyler Moore, met; Rob was a sergeant in Special Services and Laura was a USO dancer. These camps held anywhere from 2,000 to 5,000 prisoners. To request a transcript for St. Louis on the Air, Per articles of the Convention, American soldiers were compelled to salute higher ranking POWs, and the infamous Nazi salute was permitted. One of the first three designated camps for anti-Nazis, along with. Pfc. From the start of the Civil War through to 1863 a parole exchange system saw most prisoners of war swapped relatively quickly. Gaertner stayed under the radar for years, and eventually the authorities stopped looking for him. I dont want to imply that people just accepted what the government did, but the ordinary citizen did realize this was a unique time, Fiedler said. 600 German POWs were interned in the Schwartz Ballroom from October 1944 to January 1946. Prisoner-of-war camps in the United States during World War II. And so, to have that presence in the camps was a difficulty for many reasons including intimidation, threats and physical violence against fellow soldiers whom they considered too compliant in the U.S.. 1"\B^*:lr])BuHmdk[52`l5rJiBv* y'q$ag`CFrZs@[e|jB endstream Two were caught by an El Paso railroad detective just before reaching the border. All buildings have since been demolished, the only structure left standing is the base of one stone pillar where the main gate of the camp stood. more than 400,000 Axis prisoners were shipped to the United States and detained in camps across the nation, The Enemy Among Us: POWs in Missouri During World War II, The Life And Mirror Of A St. Louis Veteran. Pfc. However, I want to ensure it is recognized for the treasure that it is and it is not simply thrown away," McDowell said. stream Also offered was circus and acrobatic instruction, including trampoline jumping, taught by professional circus performers. Weingarten is a small town in southern Missouri, outside of St. Genevieve. Many St. Louisans were outraged when the program made most . "Life as a POW in the thirty camps scattered across Missouri was a surprisingly pleasant experience. Shortly after Taylor received assignment to Camp Weingarten, Italian prisoners of war began to arrive at the camp in May 1943. Although her uncle passed away in 1970, records accessed through the National Archives and Records Administration indicate he was drafted into the U.S. Army and entered service at Jefferson Barracks on November 10, 1942. After completing his initial training, he was designated as infantry and became a clerk with the 201st Infantry Regiment. About 100 POWs lived there and worked on area farms, replacing Americans who had gone to war. Residents were, Elliott See and Charles Bassett were the lead crew for Gemini IX, a mission scheduled for May 1966, all part of the learning curve in the race, On February 25, 1966, CBS premiered a TV documentary, "Sixteen in Webster Groves." As of July 1, 1944, there were 353 camps in 39 states with 18 more camps under construction. Thirty-three German POWs and two Italian POWs are now buried in the post cemetery. That was four days afterthe surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, which killed 2,403 Americans, and three days after the U.S. declared war on the Empire of Japan in retaliation. As author David Fiedler explains in his book "The Enemy Among Us: POWs in Missouri During World. This was no invasionary force; rather these were prisoners of war, part of a flood of almost a half-million men captured and sent to the United States, held here until the end of the war. If there was no one around to work the potato fields or the corn was rotting and the local growers association could secure the labor of 100 POWs to pick them and the sheriff felt fine about it, it was not seen as a great concern. To ensure its success in the camps, the project was kept top secret. Consider reading Fiedlers book, which you can find here. As chronicled by AP, on a September night in 1945, POW Georg Gaertner escaped from New Mexico's Camp Deming by slipping under a fence and hopping a train bound for San Pedro. Life as a POW in the thirty camps scattered across Missouri was a surprisingly pleasant experience. As McDowell went on to explain, her uncle remained at Camp Weingarten until his discharge from the U.S. Army in December 1944. About 500 American soldiers were assigned to guard 3,600 Italians at the camp. Also the site of training for "The Ritchie Boys", European refugees trained there to go back into Germany and sabotage the war effort. From San Pedro, Gaertner, who spoke fluent English, traveled north undetected, taking a series of odd jobs on the West Coast, including fruit picker, logger, and ski instructor. jmNR0|mD4wB6.B5 _7w!! Some camps had printing presses that churned out newsletters penned by POWs. My uncle then gave the cigarette case as a gift to my father, who was living in Jefferson City at the time and working as superintendent of the tobacco factory inside the Missouri State Penitentiary, stated McDowell. Jean remained unaware of his secret until impending retirement required she obtain his birth certificate. Between 1861 and 1865, American Civil War prison camps were operated by the Union and the Confederacy to detain over 400,000 captured soldiers. Although America's treatment of POWs earned high marks from most German prisoners, its repatriation policy was widely criticized. By the war's end, the average reached 60,000 POWs per month. The military exhibit wouldnt be complete without a salute to Nevadas Camp Clark. The 3,600 prisoners planted tomatoes and took over cooking, attracting American guards with their spicy enhancements to GI fare. *wh};yeErfRV8n#z The caption information from 1945 does not identify the boat as the one on the Missouri River, near today's Chesterfield, or the one at the foot of Arsenal Street. endobj endobj New Hampshire's only POW camp. Likewise, hundreds of thousands of American GIs were returning to the states and would need the jobs the prisoners of war would be filling so they were no longer needed for their labor efforts, Fiedler said. A year later, the American government auctioned the buildings and fixtures, including 52 floodlights, at Camp Weingarten. American women fell in love with prisoners and a couple of times it turned into aiding escapes, which was considered a traitorous act and a criminal offense.. Waste material generated from the former Fort include aviation and vehicular fuels, oils, greases, metals, paints and solvents. xwcy[9R^Z hF/!\Zf7!%% Although the POW camps opened and closed with little fanfare, their unique design and deployment in painful contrast to the Japanese internment camps have earned them their own notable place in the war's history. When a group of female columnists informed Eleanor Roosevelt about the situation, she vowed to investigate and take action. However, POW Camp Road is not about the road itself. WWII POW Camp In ConranThere was a prisoner of war camp located in Conran just off of Highway 61. During World War II, more than fifteen thousand German and Italian soldiers came to Missouri. Earlier that evening, a English-speaking fellow prisoner heard an American radio broadcast suggesting that German POWs be dispatched to the uncertain care of the Soviet army. Even as conditions worsened for American POWs held in the European theater of World War II and word spread around the United States about Hitlers efforts to exterminate the Jews, the U.S. government remained firm that prisoners of war should be treated according to the Geneva Conventions. About 2,600 German POWs were held there during World War II. Other citizens wrote angry letters to the editor and staged protests. His hometown really wasnt all that far from Camp Weingarten, she added. According to the Coloradoan, Gaertner had decided to escape because he knew that upon his release, he would be repatriated to eastern Germany, where his family lived. To keep them from accumulating enough cash to bankroll an escape, prisoners were paid in canteen coupons. Weingarten was the location of a large prisoner of war camp during WWII. For those that did return to Europe, the United States government hoped they would bring the memory of their equitable experience in the camps here back with them. Due to a labor shortage, Italian Service Units worked on Army depots, in arsenals and hospitals, and on farms. q2JShr6 In what must have been one of the bizarre coincidences of World War II, Hennes was a prisoner at the same camp as his father, Friedrich Hennes. The town was chosen for its relative isolation In Chesterfield Valley, Fiedler said, there are stories of farmers getting to know the prisoners of war and inviting them in for lunch. The elder Hennes was captured by Americans in Europe in the fall of 1944. The permanent barracks, were obtained as surplus and formed the core of the community college campus for Crowder College in 1962. Not only was racism detrimental to Black servicemen's morale, it also became a Nazi propaganda talking point. The most famous of those buried on the installation is German submariner. Troopers nabbed Levin in an empty clubhouse. | Updated May 7, 2018 at 11:23 a.m. Former Jefferson City resident Lyman Lester McDowell was given this cigarette case by his brother-in-law, Dwight Taylor, during World War II. Last edited on 25 December 2022, at 21:03, Learn how and when to remove this template message, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=29115, http://worldandmilitarynotes.com/pow/camp-mcalester-ok-usa-pow-camp/, Fort Leavenworth Military Prison Cemetery, Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology, https://www.westbatonrougemuseum.com/573/Port-Allen-Prisoner-of-War-Sub-Camp-No-7, German prisoners of war in the United States, Italian Prisoners of War and Italian Service Units: From Enemies to Co-belligerents, Paul J. Jordan, University of Massachusetts Boston, PDF text of report: DAPAM Issue 20; Issue 213: Prisoner of war utilization by the United States Army 1776-1945, Raw Text of: Prisoner of war utilization by the United States Army 1776-1945, "Bellemead (New Jersey) Italian Service Unit", "German POWS Lived and Died in Florida Camps" by Jim Robinson, The Orlando Sentinel 4 May 2004, http://www.ourmidland.com/local_news/article_69cbc6a7-0b7a-59db-bf4a-f3d309b87808.html, "On American Soil: Camp Florence, Arizona. By 1943, Arkansas had received the first of 23,000 German and Italian prisoners of war, who would live and work at military installations and branch camps throughout the state. The POW camps adhered to the Geneva Conventions Missouri Digital Heritage German and Italian POW Camp during 19421945 housing mostly Africa Corps Officers and Italians enlisted from the Torch Campaign. Photo by Jack Gould of the Post-Dispatch, Two Italian POWs hang out their laundry at Camp Weingarten in June 1943. 1942-1946: German POWs. Labor unions, however, regarded them as competition for returning U.S. forces and demanded their expulsion. xZOHa They decorated their barracks with their work.
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