Food falls from mouth 6. Many household and industrial chemicals can produce both an acute and a chronic form of inflammation in the lungs which can place patients at risk for aspiration. Concentration must be focused on chewing and swallowing. Risk for infection r/t redness and swelling around umbilicus d/t removal of umbilicus cord. Upright positioning decreases the risk for aspiration. O Scribd é o maior site social de leitura e publicação do mundo. ... Risk for Aspiration. Risk for aspiration r/t R = 24, burp d/t immaturity of baby's internal organs. He earned his license to practice as a registered nurse during the same year. Tell the patient not to talk while eating. For clients at high risk for aspiration, obtain complete information from the discharging institution regarding institutional management. Antiemetics may be required to prevent aspiration of regurgitated gastric contents. What principle are they based on? Inability to absorb or metabolize foods 2. If they dip low (<94%) help them out with oxygen. Continuity of care can prevent unnecessary stress for the client and family and can facilitate successful management in … Oxygen: Have all the stuff for oxygen ready. Inability to clear oral cavity 9. 2. Choking prior to swallowing 3. Encourage family involvement. Nausea or vomiting places patients at great risk for aspiration, especially if the level of consciousness is compromised. Home Care Interventions 1. The amount of residuals may vary depending on the volume and rate of infusion; however, the evaluation can be unreliable. We offer exclusive Nursing Care Plans Writing Services to nurses and nursing students at affordable rates. Presence of tracheostomyor endotracheal tube 1… When creatin… Acute conditions, such as postanesthesia effects from surgery or diagnostic tests, occur predominantly in the acute care setting. On the other hand, if a person inhales a secretion rich in bacteria, then there is a high possibility of getting aspiration pneumonia. How can I apply them? Risk for aspiration r/t weakness of the swallowing muscles and decreased swallowing reflex. Although aspiration can often be a benign event, the risk of aspiration Increased gastric residual 10. Use this nursing diagnosis guide to create your Risk for Infection Care Plan. Upright positioning reduces aspiration by decreasing reflux of gastric contents. Impaired swallowing 9. Large amounts of residuals indicate delayed gastric emptying and can cause distention of the stomach, leading to reflux emesis. Nasal reflux 14. Wanting to reach a bigger audience in teaching, he is now a writer and contributor for Nurseslabs since 2012 while working part-time as a nurse instructor. Reflect: Reflect on the material by asking yourself questions, for example: “What’s the significance of these facts? is even more important to prevent further complications. Hiatal Hernia Nursing Care Plan - Risk for Aspiration - Scribd. Start a trial to view the entire video. The most important part of the care plan is the content, as that is the foundation on which you will base your care. Gastric aspirate is usually green, brown, clear, or colorless, with a pH between 1 and 5. Oral care before meals reduces bacterial counts in the oral cavity. 272 visualizações. May be related to esophageal compromise affecting the … Keep head of bed elevated when feeding and for at least a half hour afterward. Inefficient suck 12. Since we started in 2010, Nurseslabs has become one of the most trusted nursing sites helping thousands of aspiring nurses achieve their goals. Advise family that patient may tire easily, become irritable and upset by small events, and show less interest in daily events. Below is a sample of nursing care plan about risk for aspiration of Mr. Chong. Legit the number one thing. The results of the x-ray determine the patient’s plan of care (meaning pneumonia treatment or not). Educate the patient and family the need for proper positioning. Acute conditions, like post anesthesia effects from surgery or diagnostic tests, happen predominantly in the acute care setting. Decreased gastrointestinal motility 4. Check residuals before feeding, or every 4 hours if feeding is continuous. Insufficient chewing 13. NURSING CARE PLAN The Infant with a Cleft Lip and/or Palate GOAL INTERVENTION RATIONALE EXPECTED OUTCOME Preoperative Care 1. Food and feeding habits may be strongly tied to family cultural values. There is a higher risk for the airway to be opened when talking and eating at the same time. Monitor the effectiveness of the cuff in patients with endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes. Pulmonary infiltrates on chest x-ray films indicate some level of aspiration has already occurred. hernia - Download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online. Prevention is the main goal when caring for patients at risk for aspiration. Oral care after eating removes residual food that could be aspirated at a later time. Turn off the feeding before lowering the head of bed. Checking the patient’s ability to swallow gives the nurse so much information about how to proceed with the plan of care. Incomplete lip closure 10. If aspiration does occur, suction immediately. Questions: As soon after class as possible, formulate questions based onthe notes in the right-hand column. Facial, oral, or neck surgery or trauma 8. Care Plan on Risk for Aspration: Continuity of care can prevent unnecessary stress for the patient and family and can facilitate successful management in the home setting. For patients at high risk for aspiration, obtain complete information from the discharging institution regarding institutional management. NCP … Further, elderly patients have a decrease in esophageal motility, which delays esophageal emptying. Coughing, choking, throat clearing, gurgling or “wet” voice during or after swallowing, Regurgitation of food or fluid through the nares. Then you will beg for IV Tylenol and get an order for rectal Tylenol because it is cheaper and the standard of care. 5 Steps to Writing a (kick ass) Nursing Care Plan, Dear Other Guys, Stop Scamming Nursing Students, The S.O.C.K. Risk for Aspiration Care Plan should have a well outlined process and set of actions in relation care needed. Presence of gastrointestinal tubes 11. What’s beyond them? Our aim is to offer you Qulaity Risk for Aspiration Care Plan Writing Services for the best and reliable care plan you ne… Hold feedings if amount of residuals is large, and notify the physician. Inhaling chemical fumes or breathing in and choking on certain chemicals, even small amounts of gastric acids can damage lung tissue, resulting in chemical pneumonitis. Thickened semisolid foods such as pudding and hot cereal are most easily swallowed and less likely to be aspirated. Use thickening agents if recommended by a speech pathologist or dietician. Objective: The patient is sleepy, unconscious and coherent. Auscultate bowel sounds to assess for gastrointestinal motility. If they do not pass the swallow screen the patient will be NPO, or they should be anyway. NURSING DIAGNOSIS Risk for Aspiration r/t Impaired Swallowing As evidenced by Dysphagia SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION Aspiration (the misdirection of oropharyngea l secretions or gastric contents into the larynx and lower respiratory tract) is common in older adults … Other measures include compensating for absent reflexes, assessing feeding tube placement, identifying delayed stomach emptying, and managing effects of prolonged intubation. How do I write a Nursing Care Plan? A chest x-ray helps to differentiate the patient with aspiration as to whether they have acquired pneumonia or not. NURSING CARE PLAN. Cerebrovascular accident nursing care plan. Chronic Pain 5 Nursing Care Plans. Maintaining a sitting position after meals may help decrease aspiration pneumonia in the elderly. Infections may be transmitted via the placenta, by aspiration, or acquired postnatally. Careful food placement promotes chewing and successful swallowing. During enteral feedings, position patient with head of bed elevated 30 to 40 degrees; maintain for 30 to 45 minutes after feeding. For this reason, most of the nurses seek Impaired Swallowing Care Plan writing help online for a good and detailed care plan. Significant amounts of glucose in sputum may be indicative of aspiration. Images for hernia nursing care plan. Two causes of Pneumonia. Home » Functional-health-patterns » High-risk-of-aspiration High Risk of Aspiration State in which an individual experiences risk of entry of gastric secretions , oropharyngeal secretions, food or liquid in the airways exogenous, due to the absence of dysfunction of the protective mechanisms. Key note here: have a full tank of oxygen ready to go on their bed incase you need to rush them off somewhere due to emergent situations. Nursing Diagnosis: Electrolyte Imbalance (Hyponatremia) related to the disease process of SIADH as evidenced by nausea, vomiting, serum sodium level of 160 mEq/L, irritability, and fatigue ... Risk for Aspiration 5 Nursing Care Plans. NCLEX® and NCLEX-RN® are Registered Trademarks of the NCSBN, HESI® is a registered trademark of Elsevier Inc., TEAS® and Test of Essential Academic Skills™ are registered trademarks of Assessment Technologies Institute, CCRN® is a Registered trademark of the AACN; all of which are unaffiliated with, not endorsed by, not sponsored by, and not associated with NRSNG, LLC or TazKai, LLC and its affiliates in any way. Nurseslabs – NCLEX Practice Questions, Nursing Study Guides, and Care Plans, Nursing Test Bank and Nursing Practice Questions for Free, NCLEX Practice Questions Test Bank (2021 Update), Nursing Pharmacology Practice Questions & Test Bank for NCLEX (500+ Questions), Arterial Blood Gas Analysis Made Easy with Tic-Tac-Toe Method, Select All That Apply NCLEX Practice Questions and Tips (100 Items), IV Flow Rate Calculation NCLEX Reviewer & Practice Questions (60 Items), EKG Interpretation & Heart Arrhythmias Cheat Sheet. Nursing Care Plan - Pneumonia - Nursing Crib. Brush teeth twice a day, and swab mouth with sponge applicators every 2 to 4 hours between brushing. Aspiration of small amounts can happen with sudden onset of respiratory distress or without coughing particularly in patients with diminished levels of consciousness. Stop continual feeding temporarily when turning or moving patient. If the patient aspirates a secretion that has a high bacterial count they will likely get aspiration pneumonia. Before beginning of Mr. Hans feeding, assess that the he is adequately alert and responsive and can control the mouth, which he has gag reflex and he can swallow saliva. The patient is diagnosed with type-2 diabetes and the doctors imply to make adjustments in his nutritional diet, leading to reduce his intake of foods with high- carbohydrates and stopping him to drink alcohol. Instruct in signs and symptoms of aspiration. This is likely caused by someone losing their gag reflex, but can also be caused by inability to clear secretions/emesis, as well as from a position or medication (such as a sedative medication). is even more important to prevent further complications. Reduced gastrointestinal motility increases the risk of aspiration as fluids and food build up in the stomach. Well-masticated food is easier to swallow, food cut into small pieces may also be easier to swallow. ; Secondary pneumonia-ensues from lung damage caused by the spread of bacteria from an infection elsewhere in the body.Likely causes include various infectious agents, chemical irritants (including gastric reflux/aspiration, smoke inhalation), and radiation therapy. Pediatric Acute Care INSTRUCTIONS: For this case scenario, you will develop a Nursing Care Plan using SNL, the Standardized Nursing Languages of NANDA, NOC and NIC (NNN). Feel Like You Don’t Belong in Nursing School? Check placement before feeding, using tube markings, x-ray study (most accurate), pH of gastric fluid, and color of aspirate as guides. Food should never be present in the tracheobronchial passages. Verify with a pharmacist which pills should not be crushed. Monitor chest x-ray films as ordered. Prevention is key, but since this patient has already slipped substances past the epiglottis (AKA royal lung guard) everything that applies to prevention (NPO, head of bed greater than 30 degrees, oral hygiene, etc.) ... salvar Salvar NURSING CARE PLAN para ler mais tarde. The NANDA nursing diagnosis Risk for Infection is defined as at increased risk for being invaded by pathogenic organisms. Knowledge deficit 7. Monitor respiratory rate, depth, and effort. At Nursing Writing Services we offer you Risk for Aspiration Care Plan Writing Services and allow you to work with skilled writers from whom you will gain insights pertaining the topic. Three nursing diagnosis (prioritized): 1. Rationale Objective Cues: Risk for Aspiration After 4 • Assess respiratory Goal met • Decreased r/t ineffective hours of status. Withholding fluids and foods as needed prevents aspiration. Work together with the respiratory therapist, as necessary, to verify cuff pressure. Respiratory aspiration requires prompt action to maintain the airway and promote effective breathing and gas exchange. Food pushed out of mouth 7. Sputum culture/blood cultures will be not helpful right away but after they result can change the antibiotics that the patient is receiving. NURSING CARE PLAN 1. This is a nursing care plan sample about impaired adjustment of Mr. Dutrio, 78 years old, former City Mayor on provincial area. Inability to ingest foods 4. For instance, if one has pharyngeal reflex that causes cough, the aspirated object might be removed by air force. Patients with continuous feedings should be in an upright position. This lesson is part of the NURSING.com Nursing Student Academy. Administer prescribed antacids and other. Your risk is highest if you are older than 75 or live in a nursing home or long-term care … Observe for food particles in tracheal secretions in patients with tracheostomies. Nursing Care Plans The major goals for a client receiving mechanical ventilation include improvement of gas exchange, maintenance of a patent airway, prevention of trauma, promoting optimal communication, minimizing anxiety , and absence of cardiac and pulmonary complications. A speech pathologist can be consulted to perform a dysphagia assessment that helps determine the need for videofluoroscopy or modified barium swallow and to establish specific techniques to prevent aspiration in patients with impaired swallowing. You can also aspirate food or liquid from your stomach that backs up into your esophagus. Everything else in this care plan is good too but this trumps it all when it comes to priorities. The common risk factor of these both deadly diseases is arteriosclerosis or thickening and hardening of the arteries. If you need nursing care plan for aspiration you can check it in risk for aspiration. Allow the patient to chew thoroughly and eat slowly during meals. Use of consultants may be required to ensure outcomes are achieved. Primary pneumonia-is caused by the patient’s inhaling or aspirating a pathogen. Immbalanced nutrition r/t fair performanace of sucking reflex d/t insufficient intake. Here are some factors that may be related to Risk for Aspiration: 1. This course is going to expand on that for you and show you the most effective way to write a Nursing Care Plan and how to use Nursing Care Plans in the clinical setting. An ineffective cuff can increase the risk of aspiration. Neonatal pneumonia and persisting for at least 48 hours. Demonstrate on suctioning techniques to prevent accumulation of secretions in the oral cavity. Advanced age 2. You will be completing the blank nursing care plan that you have printed. Supervise or aid the patient with oral intake. nursing care plan for risk for aspiration Aspiration occurs when something enters into the lungs that is not air. Both acute and chronic conditions can place patients at risk for aspiration. Elevate the head of bed to 30 to 45 degrees while feeding the patient and for 30 to 45 minutes afterward if feeding is intermittent. Risk for Aspiration The state in which a person is at risk for entry of secretions, solids, or fluids into the tracheobronchial passages. Here are some factors that may be related to Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements: 1. Assess for presence of nausea or vomiting. At times, such object intrusion may lead to aspiration pneumonia but not always. Method for Mastering Nursing Pharmacology, 39 Things Every Nursing Student Needs Before Starting School. There remains a need for valid and easy-to-use methods to screen for aspiration risk. He conducted first aid training and health seminars and workshops for teachers, community members, and local groups. Coughing prior to swallowing 4. Provide oral care before and after meals. Gagging prior to swallowing 8. Unwillingness to eat Pathophysiologic Related to increased caloric requirements and dif… Also, the writing of questions sets up a perfect stage for exam-studying later. If you are not able to cough up the aspirated material, bacteria can grow in your lungs and cause an infection. 2. The following are the therapeutic nursing interventions for aspiration risk: Nurseslabs.com is an education and nursing lifestyle website geared towards helping student nurses and registered nurses with knowledge for the progression and empowerment of their nursing careers. Legit the number one thing. 2. The nurse noted that Mr. Chong is using oral dentures. Patient is a 10-month old girl admitted to your unit from the PACU following Laparotomy Nissen procedure and gastrostomy tube … Case Scenario #4. Anesthesia or medicationadministration 3. Risk factors for aspiration are a national safety concern in acute care and long-term care facilities. A sputum culture identifies the organism. Feedings are often held if residual volume is greater than 50% of the amount to be delivered in 1 hour. NCP - hyperthemia. Risk for aspiration nursing care plans essential before devising a treatment plan for patients. Therapeutic Communication Techniques Quiz. Assessment is required in order to distinguish possible problems that may have lead to aspiration as well as name any episode that may occur during nursing care. Evaluate swallowing ability by assessing for the following: Impaired swallowing increases the risk for aspiration. Use this nursing diagnosis guide to help you create nursing interventions for aspiration risk nursing care plan. Cerebrovascular Accident or commonly known as Stroke or Brain Attack is the leading cause of disability. Nursing Care Plan for: Risk For Aspiration, Impaired Swallowing, Ineffective Swallowing, Difficulty Swallowing, Dysphagia, Peg Tube Feeding, and Difficulty chewing. Recite: Cover the note-taking column with a sheet of paper. For patients with reduced cognitive abilities, eliminate distracting stimuli during mealtimes. Assess pulmonary status for clinical evidence of aspiration. Note any signs of aspiration such as dyspnea, cough, cyanosis, wheezing, or fever. To detect LOC swallow reflex 20 to nursing signs of possible After 4 • Stuporous decreased level of intervention aspiration such hours of consciousness. You should always have suction ready no matter the patient’s chief complaint, but especially for a patient with aspiration. Cerebrovascular accident nursing care plan. Aspiration is breathing in a foreign object such as foods or liquids into the trachea and lungs and happens when protective reflexes are reduced or jeopardized. Monitor their oxygen levels. Place whole or crushed pills in soft foods (e.g., custard). Mixing pills with food helps reduce risk for aspiration. Everything else in this care plan is good too but this trumps it all when it comes to priorities. Never give oral fluids to a comatose patient. Depressed coughor gag reflex 6. He wants to guide the next generation of nurses to achieve their goals and empower the nursing profession. All references to such names or trademarks not owned by NRSNG, LLC or TazKai, LLC are solely for identification purposes and not an indication of affiliation. 0 0 voto positivo 0 0 voto negativo. The goal of the blood gas is to monitor the patient PaCO2/PCO2 and their PaO2/PO2, The goal of the CBC is to monitor White Blood Cells (WBC). Inability to digest foods 3. Disturbed Sleeping Pattern. Doctors WILL order this- you will not give it because you are awesome and have checked the patient’s ability to swallow. Liquids and thin foods (e.g., creamed soups) are most difficult for patients with dysphagia. Review results of swallowing studies as ordered. Abdominal distention or rigidity can be associated with paralytic or mechanical obstruction and an increased likelihood of vomiting and aspiration. Risk for impaired skin integrity r/t immobility 3. Aspiration takes place when some object gets into lungs via the nose or mouth. Writing questions helps to clarifymeanings, reveal relationships, establish continuity, and strengthenmemory. Drooling 5. When turning or moving a patient, it is difficult to keep the head elevated to prevent regurgitation and possible aspiration. © 2021 Nurseslabs | Ut in Omnibus Glorificetur Deus! Supervision helps identify abnormalities early and allows implementation of strategies for safe swallowing. These patients are high risk for low oxygenation. In addition, test the glucose in tracheobronchial secretions to detect aspiration of enteral feedings. Nursing Care Plan for Risk for Aspiration NCP - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. When you complete this course, you will be able to write and implement powerful and effective Nursing Care Plans. Refer the patient to a home health nurse, rehabilitation specialist, or occupational therapist as indicated. If you do, you’ll retain a great deal for current use, as well as, for the exam. Acknowledgment and/or adjustment to cultural values can facilitate compliance and successful family coping. Make referral for home speech therapy. (Image), 00.01 Nursing Care Plans Course Introduction, 01.03 Using Nursing Care Plans in Clinicals, Nursing Care Plan for Atrial Fibrillation (AFib), Nursing Care Plan for Congenital Heart Defects, Nursing Care Plan for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), Nursing Care Plan for Gestational Hypertension, Preeclampsia, Eclampsia, Nursing Care Plan for Heart Valve Disorders, Nursing Care Plan for Myocardial Infarction (MI), Nursing Care Plan for Thrombophlebitis / Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), Nursing Care Plan for Cleft Lip / Cleft Palate, Nursing Care Plan for Infective Conjunctivitis / Pink Eye, Nursing Care Plan for Otitis Media / Acute Otitis Media (AOM), Nursing Care Plan for Constipation / Encopresis, Nursing Care Plan for Diverticulosis / Diverticulitis, Nursing Care Plan for Eating Disorders (Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder), Nursing Care Plan for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Nursing Care Plan for Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Nursing Care Plan for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Ulcerative Colitis / Crohn’s Disease), Nursing Care Plan for Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD), Nursing Care Plan for Vomiting / Diarrhea, Nursing Care Plan for GI (Gastrointestinal) Bleed, Nursing Care Plan for Acute Kidney Injury, Nursing Care Plan for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), Nursing Care Plan for Chronic Kidney Disease, Nursing Care Plan for Enuresis / Bedwetting, Nursing Care Plan for Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Nursing Care Plan for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Nursing Care Plan for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), Nursing Care Plan for Dehydration & Fever, Nursing Care Plan for Herpes Zoster – Shingles, Nursing Care Plan for Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s, Non-Hodgkin’s), Nursing Care Plan for Skin cancer – Melanoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Nursing Care Plan for Varicella / Chickenpox, Nursing Care Plan for Burn Injury (First, Second, Third degree), Nursing Care Plan for Eczema (Infantile or Childhood) / Atopic Dermatitis, Nursing Care Plan for Pressure Ulcer / Decubitus Ulcer (Pressure Injury), Nursing Care Plan for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome / Delirium Tremens, Nursing Care Plan for Alzheimer’s Disease, Nursing Care Plan for Autism Spectrum Disorder, Nursing Care Plan for Dissociative Disorders, Nursing Care Plan for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Nursing Care Plan for Mood Disorders (Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder), Nursing Care Plan for Personality Disorders, Nursing Care Plan for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Nursing Care Plan for Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD), Nursing Care Plan for Suicidal Behavior Disorder, Nursing Care Plan for Addison’s Disease (Primary Adrenal Insufficiency), Nursing Care Plan for Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), Nursing Care Plan for Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Nursing Care Plan for Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS), Nursing Care Plan for Myasthenia Gravis (MG), Nursing Care Plan for Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH), Nursing Care Plan for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Nursing Care Plan for Cerebral Palsy (CP), Nursing Care Plan for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP), Nursing Care Plan for Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Nursing Care Plan for Neural Tube Defect, Spina Bifida, Nursing Care Plan for Parkinson’s Disease, Nursing Care Plan for Abortion, Spontaneous Abortion, Miscarriage, Nursing Care Plan for Abruptio Placentae / Placental abruption, Nursing Care Plan for Bronchiolitis / Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Nursing Care Plan for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), Nursing Care Plan for Hyperbilirubinemia of the Newborn / Infant Jaundice / Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia, Nursing Care Plan for Meconium Aspiration, Nursing Care Plan for Pediculosis Capitis / Head Lice, Nursing Care Plan for Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) / Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM), Nursing Care Plan for Phenylketonuria (PKU), Nursing Care Plan for Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH), Nursing Care Plan for Preterm Labor / Premature Labor, Nursing Care Plan for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Nursing Care Plan for Asthma / Childhood Asthma, Nursing Care Plan for Bronchoscopy (Procedure), Nursing Care Plan for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Nursing Care Plan for Pertussis / Whooping Cough, Nursing Care Plan for Pneumothorax/Hemothorax, Nursing Care Plan for Respiratory Failure, Nursing Care Plan for Restrictive Lung Diseases, Nursing Care Plan for Thoracentesis (Procedure), Nursing Care Plan for Gout / Gouty Arthritis, Nursing Care Plan for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Inform the physician or other health care provider instantly of noted decrease in cough/gag reflexes or difficulty in swallowing. Keeping patient’s head elevated helps keep food in stomach and decreases incidence of aspiration. Clinical safety of patient between visits is a primary goal of home care nursing. A displaced tube may erroneously deliver tube feeding into the airway. 1. Then, looking at the questions or cue-words in the question and cue column only, say aloud, in your own words, the answers to the questions, facts, or ideas indicated by the cue-words.

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